{"id":566,"date":"2024-03-27T21:26:27","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T21:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/?p=566"},"modified":"2024-03-30T16:23:12","modified_gmt":"2024-03-30T16:23:12","slug":"uppsprettur-grodurhusalofttegunda-i-matvaelaframleidslu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/uppsprettur-grodurhusalofttegunda-i-matvaelaframleidslu\/","title":{"rendered":"Uppsprettur gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Landb\u00fana\u00f0ur er mikilv\u00e6g uppspretta gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu og jafnframt hafa loftslagsbreytingar mikil og vaxandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 greinina. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma \u00fearf landb\u00fana\u00f0urinn a\u00f0 geta sta\u00f0i\u00f0 undir <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Markmi\u00f0 Loftslagssamnings S\u00de er einmitt a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir h\u00e6ttulega r\u00f6skun \u00e1 loftslagskerfinu \u00feannig a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 tryggja matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu og sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ra efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un.\">matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu<\/span> fyrir hratt vaxandi mannfj\u00f6lda \u00ed heiminum. Loftslagsbreytingar geta einnig haft mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 sj\u00e1var\u00fatveg vegna breytinga \u00e1 \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu tegunda og hl\u00fdnunar og s\u00farnunar sj\u00e1var. Uppsprettur losunar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu eru margar og margv\u00edslegar en gr\u00f3flega m\u00e1 skipta \u00feeim \u00ed tvo flokka: annars vegar l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar (t.d. b\u00fafj\u00e1rhald, notkun \u00e1bur\u00f0ar og landnotkun, \u00fe.m.t. framr\u00e6sla og pl\u00e6ging jar\u00f0vegs) og hins vegar v\u00e9lr\u00e6nar (t.d. v\u00e9lar, t\u00e6ki og k\u00e6lib\u00fana\u00f0ur). \u00d3vissa vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 losun fr\u00e1 l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu uppsprettunum er margfalt meiri en \u00f3vissan vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 losun fr\u00e1 \u00feeim v\u00e9lr\u00e6nu. \u00deannig er t.a.m. vel \u00feekkt hversu miki\u00f0 af kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0i losnar vi\u00f0 brennslu \u00e1 hverjum l\u00edtra af d\u00edsilol\u00edu og \u00f3vissan og breytileikinn l\u00edtill. Losun vegna landnotkunar er hins vegar mj\u00f6g breytileg eftir landger\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed hvernig landi\u00f0 er nota\u00f0. Eins er losun vegna b\u00fafj\u00e1rhalds mj\u00f6g breytileg eftir tegund b\u00fafj\u00e1r (og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum hvort um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a j\u00f3rturd\u00fdr e\u00f0a ekki), aldri og \u00feyngd d\u00fdranna, sem og magni og g\u00e6\u00f0um f\u00f3\u00f0urs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Helstu uppsprettur gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed &nbsp;matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu eru eftirtaldar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Losun vegna b\u00fafj\u00e1rhalds (einkum vegna j\u00f3rturd\u00fdra), og vegna me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlunar og notkunar b\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0ar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Losun vegna framlei\u00f0slu, flutninga og notkunar a\u00f0fanga (jar\u00f0eldsneytis, plasts, k\u00e6limi\u00f0la, , f\u00f3\u00f0urs, tilb\u00fains \u00e1bur\u00f0ar, pl\u00f6ntuvarnarefna, hreinsiefna og lyfja o.fl. auk umb\u00fa\u00f0a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Losun vegna me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlunar aukaafur\u00f0a, affalla og \u00fargangs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Losun vegna landnotkunar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sumar af ofant\u00f6ldum uppsprettum gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda eiga e\u00f0li m\u00e1lsins samkv\u00e6mt einungis vi\u00f0 um landb\u00fana\u00f0artengda matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu. <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/leidir-til-ad-draga-ur-losun-i-matvaelaframleidslu\/\">H\u00e9r<\/a> m\u00e1 lesa um lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun vi\u00f0 framlei\u00f0slu matv\u00e6la. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00fafj\u00e1rhald og notkun \u00e1bur\u00f0ar<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Losun fr\u00e1 b\u00fafj\u00e1rhaldi vegur alla jafna \u00feyngst \u00ed kolefnisspori landb\u00fana\u00f0ar, einkum \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fear sem j\u00f3rturd\u00fdr eru uppista\u00f0a b\u00fastofnsins. \u00cd meltingarvegi d\u00fdra \u2013 einkum j\u00f3rturd\u00fdra \u2013 \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 loftfirrt ni\u00f0urbrot (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Vi\u00f0 gerjunina brj\u00f3ta \u00f6rverur kolvetni ni\u00f0ur \u00ed einfaldari sameindir til fr\u00e1sogs \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e1sina.\">gerjun<\/span>) f\u00e6\u00f0unnar fyrir tilstilli bakter\u00eda. Vi\u00f0 gerjunina myndast metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) sem losnar \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 b\u00e1\u00f0um endum meltingarvegarins. Magn metansins sem myndast fer eftir b\u00fastofni (og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum hvort um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a j\u00f3rturd\u00fdr e\u00f0a ekki), aldri og \u00feyngd d\u00fdranna, og magni og g\u00e6\u00f0um f\u00f3\u00f0urs. Metan er \u00f6flug gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegund. <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/hugtok-og-ordskyringar\/#grodurhusaahrif-grodurhusalofttegundir-og-hlynunarmattur\">Hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur<\/a> metans er 28, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 1 kg af metani hefur jafnmikil \u00e1hrif til hl\u00fdnunar og 28 kg af kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kindur.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kindur.png 756w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kindur-300x105.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0ur (sk\u00edtur og hland) inniheldur talsvert af l\u00edfr\u00e6num (kolefnisr\u00edkum) efnum og k\u00f6fnunarefnissamb\u00f6ndum. Vi\u00f0 geymslu og me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun \u00e1bur\u00f0arins losnar \u00far honum b\u00e6\u00f0i metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) og gla\u00f0loft (N<sub>2<\/sub>O). Metani\u00f0 myndast vi\u00f0 loftfirrt ni\u00f0urbrot l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna \u00ed haugnum og gla\u00f0loft vegna samverkunar <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Oxun ammon\u00edaks (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;) yfir \u00ed n\u00edtrat (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;\/sup&gt;).\">n\u00edtrunar<\/span> og <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Afoxun n\u00edtrats (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;\/sup&gt;) yfir \u00ed k\u00f6fnunarefni (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;).\">afn\u00edtrunar<\/span> k\u00f6fnunarefnissambandanna \u00ed \u00e1bur\u00f0inum. Magn gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda sem losnar \u00far \u00e1bur\u00f0inum er h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fdmsum \u00fe\u00e1ttum, svo sem samsetningu og meltanleika f\u00f3\u00f0ursins sem d\u00fdrin fengu, \u00feurrefnisinnihaldi, geymsluskilyr\u00f0um (votgeymsla, \u00feurrgeymsla) og \u00fev\u00ed hversu lengi \u00e1bur\u00f0urinn er geymdur \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi geymslu. Metanlosun er mest fr\u00e1 b\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0i \u00ed votgeymslum, svo sem fr\u00e1 mykju\u00fer\u00f3m. Rokgjarnasti hluti k\u00f6fnunarefnisins \u00ed b\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0i gufar a\u00f0 hluta til upp \u00ed \u00e1bur\u00f0argeymslum sem k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0 (NO<sub>X<\/sub>) og ammon\u00edak (NH<sub>3<\/sub>). \u00deetta k\u00f6fnunarefni getur flust til \u00ed umhverfinu og valdi\u00f0 losun gla\u00f0lofts \u00e1 \u00feeim sta\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 endar \u00e1 (\u00f3bein losun vegna me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlunar b\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0ar). Gla\u00f0loft er mj\u00f6g \u00f6flug gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegund og er hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur hennar 265. \u00c1bur\u00f0ur, b\u00e6\u00f0i tilb\u00fainn \u00e1bur\u00f0ur og b\u00fafj\u00e1r\u00e1bur\u00f0ur, er borinn \u00e1 t\u00fan og r\u00e6ktarland til a\u00f0 auka uppskeru. Hluti k\u00f6fnunarefnisins \u00ed \u00feeim \u00e1bur\u00f0i, sem borinn er \u00e1 t\u00fan og\/e\u00f0a fellur til \u00ed haga, myndar gla\u00f0loft fyrir tilstilli \u00f6rvera \u00ed jar\u00f0vegi. Gla\u00f0lofti\u00f0 myndast sem hli\u00f0arafur\u00f0 vegna n\u00edtrunar og afn\u00edtrunar k\u00f6fnunarefnissambandanna. Annar hluti k\u00f6fnunarefnisins \u00ed \u00e1bur\u00f0inum skolast \u00fat og gufar upp og n\u00fdtist \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki gr\u00f3\u00f0ri. \u00deetta k\u00f6fnunarefni getur flust til \u00ed umhverfinu og valdi\u00f0 losun gla\u00f0lofts \u00e1 \u00feeim sta\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 endar \u00e1, r\u00e9tt eins og k\u00f6fnunarefni sem gufar upp \u00far \u00e1bur\u00f0argeymslum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kyr-1024x377.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kyr-1024x377.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kyr-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kyr-768x283.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kyr.jpg 1386w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00ddmis a\u00f0f\u00f6ng<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Einnig kalla\u00f0 jar\u00f0efnaeldsneyti: Kol, ol\u00eda, jar\u00f0gas.\">Jar\u00f0eldsneyti<\/span> er nota\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fdmsum tilgangi \u00ed matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu. Eldsneyti er nota\u00f0 \u00e1 v\u00e9lar fiskiskipa og fiskib\u00e1ta, \u00e1 dr\u00e1ttarv\u00e9lar \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i, b\u00edla og \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar v\u00e9lar, t\u00e6ki og b\u00fana\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 er eldsneyti \u00ed sumum tilfellum n\u00fdtt sem orkugjafi \u00e1 varaaflsv\u00e9lar. Vi\u00f0 bruna eldsneytisins losnar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>). Einnig losnar metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) vegna \u00f3fullkomins bruna, svo og eitthva\u00f0 af gla\u00f0lofti (N<sub>2<\/sub>O) sem einkum tengist efnahv\u00f6rfum k\u00f6fnunarefnis og s\u00farefnis \u00far andr\u00famsloftinu sem fer inn \u00ed brunah\u00f3lf vi\u00f0komandi v\u00e9lar. B\u00edlar n\u00fdta eldsneyti yfirleitt betur en vinnuv\u00e9lar og \u00fev\u00ed er losun vinnuv\u00e9lanna alla jafna meiri en b\u00edlanna \u00e1 hvern l\u00edtra af eldsneyti. Vi\u00f0 beina losun vegna bruna eldsneytis b\u00e6tist losun vegna framlei\u00f0slu og flutnings eldsneytisins, \u00fe.e.a.s. s\u00fa losun sem ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 lei\u00f0 eldsneytisins (fr\u00e1 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Enska: Well to tank (WTT).\">ol\u00edulind<\/span> a\u00f0 tanki), \u00fe.m.t. losun \u00ed ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 og losun vegna flutninga milli sta\u00f0a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-570\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/traktorar-1020x765.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cd <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-6-oliuhreinsun-i-oliuhreinsistod\/\">ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0<\/a> eru mismunandi afur\u00f0ir unnar \u00far hr\u00e1ol\u00edu. Ein af \u00feessum afur\u00f0um er nafta, sem er mikilv\u00e6gasta hr\u00e1efni\u00f0 \u00ed framlei\u00f0slu \u00e1 plasti (\u00fe.m.t. heyr\u00falluplasti, &nbsp;yfirbrei\u00f0sluplasti og vei\u00f0arf\u00e6rum). Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed sta\u00f0 vegna sj\u00e1lfrar <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-4-oliuvinnsla\/\">ol\u00eduvinnslunnar<\/a>, flutninga ol\u00edunnar \u00ed ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0,&nbsp; ol\u00eduhreinsunar, &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/23\/4-2-plastframleidsla\/\">\u00e1framvinnslu<\/a> \u00ed mismunandi tegundir af plasti og vegna \u00fargangsme\u00f0h\u00f6ndlunar og ni\u00f0urbrots plast \u00e1 villig\u00f6tum \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni. \u00deegar um endurunni\u00f0 plast er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a er losun hugsanlega nokkru minni. Endurvinnsla plasts er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fdmsum <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/23\/4-3-plasturgangur\/\">vandkv\u00e6\u00f0um<\/a> h\u00e1\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Framlei\u00f0sla f\u00f3\u00f0urs veldur einnig losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, mismikilli eftir samsetningu f\u00f3\u00f0ursins. \u00deannig er f\u00f3\u00f0ur sem er a\u00f0 mestu af pl\u00f6ntuuppruna me\u00f0 minna framlei\u00f0sluspor en f\u00f3\u00f0ur sem er gert \u00far d\u00fdraafur\u00f0um. Framlei\u00f0sla og flutningur f\u00f3\u00f0urs er einmitt s\u00e1 li\u00f0ur sem vegur hva\u00f0 \u00feyngst \u00ed kolefnisspori greina \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 kj\u00faklingaeldi, sv\u00ednar\u00e6kt og fiskeldi, \u00fear sem f\u00f3\u00f0ur er a\u00f0 mestu leyti a\u00f0fengi\u00f0 og oft innflutt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vetnisfl\u00faorkolefni (HFC) eru notu\u00f0 sem k\u00e6limi\u00f0lar \u00ed k\u00e6li- og frystikerfum. \u00deessi efni eru mj\u00f6g \u00f6flugar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir og sleppa alltaf \u00ed einhverjum m\u00e6li \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 vegna leka, vi\u00f0 \u00e1fyllingar og vi\u00f0 t\u00e6mingu kerfa. &nbsp;\u00dev\u00ed er afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00e9 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 allri me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun efnanna og a\u00f0 \u00e1fyllingar og t\u00e6mingar kerfa s\u00e9u \u00ed h\u00f6ndum fagf\u00f3lks, (sbr. 7. gr. <a href=\"https:\/\/island.is\/reglugerdir\/nr\/1066-2019\">regluger\u00f0ar nr. 1066\/2019<\/a>). Mestur leki \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00e1 hreyfanlegum k\u00e6likerfum, s.s. \u00ed skipum og flutningab\u00edlum. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2020 voru settir <a href=\"https:\/\/island.is\/reglugerdir\/nr\/1066-2019\">innflutningskv\u00f3tar<\/a> \u00e1 HFC-k\u00e6limi\u00f0la og fara kv\u00f3tarnir stigminnkandi \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum. Sama \u00e1r var einnig lag\u00f0ur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.althingi.is\/lagas\/nuna\/2009129.html\">s\u00e9rstakur skattur<\/a> \u00e1 HFC-k\u00e6limi\u00f0la. \u00datf\u00f6sun \u00feessara efna er \u00fev\u00ed \u00feegar hafin og mun v\u00e6ntanlega kl\u00e1rast \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u00f6fnunarefni sem til sta\u00f0ar er \u00ed jar\u00f0vegi er mikilv\u00e6gt meginn\u00e6ringarefni plantna og oft takmarkandi \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed vexti. Notkun \u00e1bur\u00f0ar eykur uppskeru og getur \u00fev\u00ed stu\u00f0la\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00e6ttri n\u00fdtingu au\u00f0linda og lands. Framlei\u00f0sla amm\u00f3n\u00edaks, helsta innihaldsefnis tilb\u00fains \u00e1bur\u00f0ar, er orkufrek, auk \u00feess sem jar\u00f0gas eru i\u00f0ulega n\u00fdtt sem vetnisgjafi \u00ed framlei\u00f0slunni. \u00dev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur talsver\u00f0 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, einkum kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s, vi\u00f0 framlei\u00f0sluna. Einnig losnar gla\u00f0loft vi\u00f0 framlei\u00f0slu saltp\u00e9turss\u00fdru, sem \u00e1samt ammon\u00edaki \u00fearf til a\u00f0 mynda <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Ammon\u00edumn\u00edtrat er algengasta form k\u00f6fnunarefnis \u00ed tilb\u00fanum \u00e1bur\u00f0i.\">amm\u00f3n\u00edumn\u00edtrat<\/span>. \u00c1bur\u00f0artegundir sem n\u00fdttar eru \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i eru mismunandi og kolefnisspor \u00feeirra s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/petrochem.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-574\" style=\"width:757px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/petrochem.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/petrochem-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/petrochem-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a t.d. illgresisey\u00f0i, sveppaeitur, skord\u00fdraeitur, meind\u00fdraeitur.\">Varnarefni<\/span> eru efni sem notu\u00f0 eru \u00ed landb\u00fana\u00f0i til \u00feess a\u00f0 verja uppskeru gegn \u00fdmsum ska\u00f0v\u00f6ldum (illgresi, sveppum, skord\u00fdrum, meind\u00fdrum). Leifar sumra varnarefna geta veri\u00f0 ska\u00f0legar heilsu og umhverfi. \u00dev\u00ed er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00feau skynsamlega. Notkun varnarefna er fremur l\u00edtil h\u00e9rlendis. Framlei\u00f0sla varnarefna er orkufrek og veldur \u00fev\u00ed talsver\u00f0ri losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G\u00f3\u00f0ar umb\u00fa\u00f0ir geta auki\u00f0 endingart\u00edma matv\u00e6la og \u00fev\u00ed dregi\u00f0 \u00far matars\u00f3un. Plast er miki\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed umb\u00fa\u00f0ir. Sem fyrr segir eru ol\u00eduafur\u00f0ir nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a plast og \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 talsver\u00f0 losun \u00ed framlei\u00f0slunni. Pappi er einnig nota\u00f0ur \u00ed umb\u00fa\u00f0ir og jafnvel \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li, \u00fear sem reynt hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far notkun plasts. Pappi og papp\u00edr er b\u00fainn til \u00far trj\u00e1kvo\u00f0u og er framlei\u00f0slutengd losun einkum rakin til notkunar eldsneytis \u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0inum, \u00fear sem trj\u00e1kvo\u00f0an er unnin \u00far endurn\u00fdjanlegum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flest ofangreind a\u00f0f\u00f6ng eru framleidd erlendis. Auk losunar vegna framlei\u00f0slu \u00feeirra, \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed einnig sta\u00f0 losun vi\u00f0 flutninga fr\u00e1 framlei\u00f0slusta\u00f0 a\u00f0 notkunarsta\u00f0. Losun vegna framlei\u00f0slu ver\u00f0ur \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi framlei\u00f0slulandi og losun vegna flutninga ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 mestu leyti \u00e1 lei\u00f0inni fr\u00e1 framlei\u00f0slulandinu til \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-581\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-2048x1360.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/shipping-1152x765.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dargangur<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun \u00fargangs er einn \u00feeirra \u00fe\u00e1tta sem miklu m\u00e1li skipta var\u00f0andi losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vi\u00f0 matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu, enda er \u00fargangurinn a\u00f0 st\u00f3rum hluta l\u00edfr\u00e6nn. \u00c1 ur\u00f0unarst\u00f6\u00f0um \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1n a\u00f0komu s\u00farefnis.\">loftfirrt<\/span>&nbsp;ni\u00f0urbrot \u00fargangs me\u00f0 tilheyrandi metanmyndun og vi\u00f0 jar\u00f0ger\u00f0 l\u00edfr\u00e6ns \u00fargangs myndast metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) og gla\u00f0loft (N<sub>2<\/sub>O). Vi\u00f0 brennslu \u00fargangs myndast a\u00f0allega kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) en einnig metan og gla\u00f0loft \u00ed minna m\u00e6li. Me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir skipta \u00fev\u00ed sk\u00f6pum \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi, en langmest losun ver\u00f0ur ef \u00fargangurinn er ur\u00f0a\u00f0ur. \u00cd reynd \u00e6tti \u00fargangur fr\u00e1 matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu aldrei a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 fara til ur\u00f0unar \u2013 og reyndar ekki heldur til brennslu \u00e1n orkun\u00fdtingar. Megin\u00feorra \u00feessa efnis m\u00e1 n\u00fdta \u00ed \u00fdmsa framlei\u00f0slu (l\u00e6kningav\u00f6rur, t\u00edskuv\u00f6rur, g\u00e6lud\u00fdraf\u00f3\u00f0ur, til framlei\u00f0slu \u00e1 fitu og pr\u00f3t\u00ednmj\u00f6li e\u00f0a til moltuger\u00f0ar, svo nokkur d\u00e6mi s\u00e9u nefnd). Notkun afur\u00f0anna sem ver\u00f0a til \u00far \u00farganginum ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 taka mi\u00f0 af \u00e1h\u00e6ttuflokkun hans \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0, \u00fear sem strangar reglur gilda m.a. um efni sem getur bori\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r ri\u00f0usmit e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma af svipu\u00f0u tagi. \u00cd sl\u00edkum tilvikum m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed \u00f6llu falli nota \u00farganginn sem eldsneyti a\u00f0 undangenginni vi\u00f0eigandi vinnslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Losun fr\u00e1 landi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cd landb\u00fana\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu er ekki a\u00f0eins unni\u00f0 me\u00f0 m\u00e6lanleg a\u00f0f\u00f6ng, heldur er land oftar en ekki l\u00edka n\u00fdtt vi\u00f0 framlei\u00f0sluna. Framlei\u00f0slan getur haft b\u00e6\u00f0i j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 og neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi land \u2013 og erfitt getur reynst a\u00f0 m\u00e6la \u00feessi \u00e1hrif, b\u00e6\u00f0i til lengri og skemmri t\u00edma. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki er erfitt a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 milli \u00e1hrifa landb\u00fana\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slunnar sem sl\u00edkrar, annarra \u00e1hrifa af ath\u00f6fnum mannsins og n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra \u00e1hrifa sem eru \u00ed raun \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 inngripum manna. Af \u00feessu lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fatreikningar \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og bindingu kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s vegna landb\u00fana\u00f0arnota eru jafnan h\u00e1\u00f0ir mikilli \u00f3vissu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-575\" style=\"width:765px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/jorge-fernandez-salas-UPuoHOgj8lI-unsplash-1360x765.jpg 1360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Losun vegna landnotkunar \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 landb\u00fana\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0st af m\u00f6rgum \u00fe\u00e1ttum, svo sem af n\u00e1tt\u00farulegum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi sta\u00f0, \u00fe.m.t. af \u00fe\u00e9ttleika og samsetningu \u00f6rverul\u00edfs \u00ed efstu l\u00f6gum jar\u00f0vegs, og af rakastigi og kolefnisinnihaldi jar\u00f0vegs. \u00c1 endanum r\u00e6\u00f0st losunin af \u00fev\u00ed hvernig b\u00faskaparh\u00e6ttir \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi b\u00fai hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feessa n\u00e1tt\u00farulegu \u00fe\u00e6tti. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00fdst me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um um fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 samspil n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ferla og b\u00farekstrarins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Reykjav\u00edk 24. mars 2024, Birna Sigr\u00fan Hallsd\u00f3ttir<\/em>.\u00a0<em><em>\u00deessi grein er ein af \u00feremur greinum sem innihalda fr\u00e6\u00f0slu um loftslagsm\u00e1l og matv\u00e6lavinnslu. <em><em>Verkefni\u00f0 var unni\u00f0 \u00ed samstarfi vi\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/matland.is\/\">Matland<\/a> og styrkt af <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rannis.is\/sjodir\/rannsoknir\/loftslagssjodur\/\">Loftslagssj\u00f3\u00f0i<\/a>.<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0b70ad5d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>[previous page=&#8220;558&#8243;]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[next page=&#8220;595&#8243;]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Landb\u00fana\u00f0ur er mikilv\u00e6g uppspretta gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu og jafnframt hafa loftslagsbreytingar mikil og vaxandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 greinina. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":567,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-566","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greinar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=566"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":919,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/566\/revisions\/919"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/567"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}