{"id":634,"date":"2024-03-20T09:28:09","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T09:28:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/?p=634"},"modified":"2024-09-10T18:28:09","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T18:28:09","slug":"markmid-og-stefna-islands-i-loftslagsmalum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/markmid-og-stefna-islands-i-loftslagsmalum\/","title":{"rendered":"Markmi\u00f0 og stefna \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Loftslagsmarkmi\u00f0 \u00cdslands eru me\u00f0 \u00feeim metna\u00f0arfyllstu \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. \u00cd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/library\/05-Rikisstjorn\/Stjornarsattmali2021.pdf\">r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnars\u00e1ttm\u00e1la<\/a> Frams\u00f3knarflokks, Sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isflokks og Vinstri gr\u00e6nna&nbsp;fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021 er \u00e1hersla l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00cdsland skipi s\u00e9r \u00ed fremstu r\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed bar\u00e1ttunni gegn loftslagsv\u00e1nni, n\u00e1i kolefnishlutleysi \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0asta lagi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2040 og ver\u00f0i \u00e1 sama t\u00edma or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 jar\u00f0eldsneyti, fyrst allra r\u00edkja \u00ed heiminum. \u00c1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi tala <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stjornarradid.is\/raduneyti\/forsaetisraduneytid\/forsaetisradherra\/stok-raeda-forsaetisradherra\/2023\/12\/02\/Avarp-Katrinar-Jakobsdottur-forsaetisradherra-a-loftslagsradstefnu-Sameinudu-thjodanna-2.-desember-2023\/\">\u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld<\/a> me\u00f0 afdr\u00e1ttarlausum h\u00e6tti fyrir nau\u00f0syn \u00feess a\u00f0 her\u00f0a \u00e1 a\u00f0ger\u00f0um, hra\u00f0a samdr\u00e6tti losunar \u00ed \u00f6llum geirum hagkerfisins og h\u00e6tta hvers konar opinberum stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 notkun jar\u00f0eldsneytis. \u00cd a\u00f0draganda <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"COP: Conference of the Parties (a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja\u00feing). COP28, e\u00f0a 28. a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja\u00feing loftslagssamningsins, var haldi\u00f0 \u00ed Dubai \u00ed desember 2023.\">COP 28<\/span> var \u00cdsland \u00ed h\u00f3pi r\u00edkja sem gaf \u00fat s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1kall um hra\u00f0ari og \u00f6flugri a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00feeirri sv\u00f6rtu mynd sem blasti vi\u00f0 \u00ed fyrstu <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/topics\/global-stocktake\">hnattr\u00e6nu st\u00f6\u00f0ut\u00f6ku<\/a> Par\u00edsarsamningsins. \u00c1kalli\u00f0 var birt undir yfirskriftinni <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.highambitioncoalition.org\/statements\/cochair-summary-april-2021-9n7c5-z7kxl-733k4-sjma4-4hmc2?rq=High%20Ambition%20Coalition%20Leaders%20statement\">Bandalag um mikinn metna\u00f0 2023 \u2013 Lei\u00f0togayfirl\u00fdsing<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cdsland hefur me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um teki\u00f0 s\u00e9r st\u00f6\u00f0u sem <em>lei\u00f0togi<\/em> \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum \u2013 \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta \u00fat \u00e1 vi\u00f0. En gildir hi\u00f0 sama \u00feegar horft er inn \u00e1 vi\u00f0? Hversu mikil alvara er \u00ed reynd a\u00f0 baki yfirl\u00fdsingum stj\u00f3rnvalda um hra\u00f0an samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, orkuskipti og kolefnishlutleysi? Hvernig stendur \u00cdsland sig \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum? Vi\u00f0 \u00e6tlum a\u00f0 v\u00edkja a\u00f0 \u00feessum spurningum \u00ed nokkrum greinum \u00e1 \u00feessu bloggi og samhengisins vegna mun fyrsta greinin, sem h\u00e9r birtist, fjalla stuttlega um markmi\u00f0 og skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/fallegsky-ernest-brillo-V3R1MYSCMmE-unsplash-1148x765.jpg 1148w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Upphafi\u00f0: \u00d6ryggisgir\u00f0ingar reistar um st\u00f3ri\u00f0juna<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Framan af mi\u00f0a\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1tttaka \u00cdslands \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu loftslagssamstarfi a\u00f0 verulegu leyti a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum yr\u00f0i gert kleift a\u00f0 fylgja eftir \u00e1\u00e6tlunum um uppbyggingu st\u00f3ri\u00f0ju h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. \u00cdsland <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin var ger\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997. \u00cdsland fullgilti b\u00f3kunina \u00e1ri\u00f0 2002. \u00c1 \u00feeim t\u00edma haf\u00f0i framlei\u00f0sla veri\u00f0 aukin b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00e1lverinu \u00ed Straumsv\u00edk (1996) og j\u00e1rnblendiverksmi\u00f0junni \u00e1 Grundartanga (1997). Auk \u00feess haf\u00f0i \u00e1lver Nor\u00f0ur\u00e1ls \u00e1 Grundartanga veri\u00f0 gangsett (1998) og til st\u00f3\u00f0 a\u00f0 gangsetja Fjar\u00f0a\u00e1l \u00e1 Rey\u00f0arfir\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 2007. Jafnvel var r\u00e6tt um fleiri n\u00fd \u00e1lver \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.\">fullgilti<\/span> ekki <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/vidbrogd-althjodasamfelagsins\/#kyoto-bokunin\">Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina<\/a> fyrr en tekist haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 semja um undan\u00fe\u00e1gu\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i (<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/islenska-akvaedid\/\">\u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0<\/a>) sem r\u00fama\u00f0i aukna losun vegna m\u00e1lmframlei\u00f0slu h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. \u00cdsland st\u00f3\u00f0 vi\u00f0 skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/skuldbindingar-islands\/#fyrra-skuldbindingatimabil-kyoto-bokunarinnar-2008-2012\">fyrra<\/a> skuldbindingat\u00edmabili b\u00f3kunarinnar (2008-2012) fyrir tilstilli \u00feessarar undan\u00fe\u00e1gu, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"H\u00e9r er ekki teki\u00f0 tillit til losunar vegna landnotkunar.\">losun<\/span> h\u00e9rlendis hef\u00f0i aukist um 27% fr\u00e1 1990 til 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/skuldbindingar-islands\/#sidara-skuldbindingatimabil-kyoto-bokunarinnar-2013-2020\">s\u00ed\u00f0ara<\/a>&nbsp;skuldbindingat\u00edmabilinu (2013-2020) haf\u00f0i \u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 falli\u00f0 \u00far gildi og \u00cdsland gekkst \u00fe\u00e1 undir sameiginlega skuldbindingu me\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu (ESB) og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum \u00feess. \u00cdsland var\u00f0 hluti af vi\u00f0skiptakerfi ESB me\u00f0 losunarheimildir ( <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Emission Trading System.\">ETS<\/span>) \u00ed upphafi t\u00edmabilsins og \u00fear me\u00f0 f\u00e6r\u00f0ust um 40% af <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1n losunar vegna landnotkunar.\">losun<\/span> \u00cdslands \u00e1 einu bretti undir sameiginlegt evr\u00f3pskt stj\u00f3rnt\u00e6ki. Me\u00f0 nokkurri einf\u00f6ldun m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0 hafi \u201egleypt\u201c losun fr\u00e1 st\u00f3ri\u00f0ju h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi enda er tilgangur kerfisins a\u00f0 n\u00e1 tilteknu losunarmarkmi\u00f0i innan Evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0isins, \u00e1n tillits til \u00feess \u00ed hva\u00f0a landi samdr\u00e1tturinn \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. \u00cd kerfinu er sett \u00feak \u00e1 losun og losunarheimildir gefnar \u00fat \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00feaki\u00f0. Losunarheimildum \u00ed kerfinu f\u00e6kkar me\u00f0 \u00e1runum og \u00feannig n\u00e6st markmi\u00f0 um samdr\u00e1tt fyrir kerfi\u00f0 \u00ed heild sinni. Fyrirt\u00e6ki sem heyra undir kerfi\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a s\u00e9r \u00fati um losunarheimildir \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 losun s\u00edna og \u00fev\u00ed bera \u00feau \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 samdr\u00e6tti \u00ed losun frekar en r\u00edkin sem \u00feau starfa innan. Losunin er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1fram talin fram \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/hugtok-og-ordskyringar\/#ipcc-unfccc-parisarsamningurinn-landsframlog-landsbokhald-og-lulucf\">landsb\u00f3khaldi<\/a> hvers r\u00edkis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1 t\u00edmabilinu 2013-2020 beindust a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00edslenskra stj\u00f3rnvalda til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun \u00fev\u00ed einkum a\u00f0 geirum sem <em>ekki<\/em> heyr\u00f0u undir vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0, en h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vegasamg\u00f6ngur, sj\u00e1var\u00fatveg, landb\u00fana\u00f0, \u00fargang, jar\u00f0varmavirkjanir, efnanotkun og sm\u00e1i\u00f0na\u00f0. \u00deessi losun ver\u00f0ur h\u00e9r nefnd <em>samf\u00e9lagslosun.<\/em>  Samkv\u00e6mt s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku samkomulagi vi\u00f0 ESB og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki \u00feess bar \u00cdslandi a\u00f0 draga \u00far samf\u00e9lagslosun a\u00f0 tilteknu marki fram til \u00e1rsins 2020 en var heimilt a\u00f0 b\u00f3kf\u00e6ra kolefnisbindingu vegna landnotkunara\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00feeirri skyldu. \u00cdsland m\u00e1tti einnig kaupa auknar heimildir, svokalla\u00f0ar <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/hugtok-og-ordskyringar\/#vidskiptakerfid-losunarheimildir-kyoto-einingar\">Kyoto-einingar<\/a>, af \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum. Svo f\u00f3r a\u00f0 \u00e1rangurinn vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far nett\u00f3losun h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi var\u00f0 minni en vonir st\u00f3\u00f0u til og \u00cdsland \u00feurfti a\u00f0 kaupa 3,4 millj\u00f3nir Kyoto-eininga til a\u00f0 uppfylla skuldbindingu s\u00edna samkv\u00e6mt samkomulaginu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1ri\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"N\u00fdjustu t\u00f6lur \u00far landsb\u00f3khaldi \u00cdslands eru fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021.\">2021<\/span> var losun h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi enn 27% meiri en h\u00fan var \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990. Samf\u00e9lagslosun haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 dregist saman um 12% fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 er vi\u00f0mi\u00f0unar\u00e1r fyrir samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed samf\u00e9lagslosun og losun innan ETS. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1990 er vi\u00f0mi\u00f0unar\u00e1r fyrir heildarlosun.\">2005<\/span> en losun \u00feeirra fyrirt\u00e6kja sem heyra undir vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0 hins vegar aukist um 116% \u00e1 sama t\u00edmabili.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-wvomVwPJo\"  class=\"highcharts-wvomVwPJo\"><script src=\"https:\/\/app.everviz.com\/inject\/wvomVwPJo\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Par\u00edsarsamningurinn og aukinn metna\u00f0ur<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hefur Par\u00edsarsamningurinn veri\u00f0 mi\u00f0punktur al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamvinnu um loftslagsm\u00e1l. Samkv\u00e6mt honum ber \u00f6llum samningsa\u00f0ilum a\u00f0 leggja fram svokalla\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/hugtok-og-ordskyringar\/#ipcc-unfccc-parisarsamningurinn-landsframlog-landsbokhald-og-lulucf\">landsframlag<\/a> \u00fear sem l\u00fdst er framlagi vi\u00f0komandi a\u00f0ila til markmi\u00f0a samningsins. \u00cd vi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0um um Par\u00edsarsamninginn t\u00f3k \u00cdsland s\u00e9r st\u00f6\u00f0u me\u00f0 r\u00edkjum sem myndu\u00f0u svokalla\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.highambitioncoalition.org\/statements\/cochair-summary-april-2021-9n7c5-z7kxl-733k4-sjma4-4hmc2?rq=High%20Ambition%20Coalition%20Leaders%20statement\">Bandalag um mikinn metna\u00f0<\/a> og beittu s\u00e9r fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fdmis mikilv\u00e6g atri\u00f0i r\u00f6tu\u00f0u inn \u00ed texta samningsins, m.a. markmi\u00f0in um a\u00f0 halda h\u00e6kkun hitastigs \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu innan vi\u00f0 1,5\u00b0C fr\u00e1 upphafi i\u00f0nbyltingar og um a\u00f0 n\u00e1 hnattr\u00e6nu kolefnishlutleysi \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari helmingi aldarinnar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e9 teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af yfirl\u00fdsingum \u00edslenskra r\u00e1\u00f0amanna s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1r er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 jafnt og \u00fe\u00e9tt hefur veri\u00f0 unni\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 her\u00f0a t\u00f6k \u00cdslands \u00e1 m\u00e1lefninu. Par\u00edsarsamningurinn t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2016 og \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar setti r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin \u00ed fyrsta skipti fram markmi\u00f0 um kolefnishlutleysi landsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 2040. Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 var l\u00f6gfest \u00e1 Al\u00feingi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021. \u00cd s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la n\u00faverandi r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnar b\u00e6ttist s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt markmi\u00f0 \u00cdslands (\u00fe.e. markmi\u00f0 umfram skuldbindingar) um 55% samdr\u00e1tt samf\u00e9lagslosunar fyrir 2030 mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005. S\u00ed\u00f0ast en ekki s\u00edst <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd Orkustefnu \u00cdslands fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2050 - Sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6r orkuframt\u00ed\u00f0 - er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 &lt;em&gt;\u00e1ri\u00f0 2050 hafi jar\u00f0efnaeldsneyti alfari\u00f0 viki\u00f0 fyrir endurn\u00fdjanlegum orkugj\u00f6fum &lt;\/em&gt;en markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 var flutt fram um 10 \u00e1r \u00ed stj\u00f3rnars\u00e1ttm\u00e1la.\">stefna<\/span> stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld sem fyrr segir a\u00f0 fullum orkuskiptum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2040.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Samfloti\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ESB og lykilkerfin \u00ferj\u00fa<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cdsland hefur n\u00fa \u00ed meira en \u00e1ratug veri\u00f0 \u00ed samfloti me\u00f0&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/vidbrogd-althjodasamfelagsins\/#evropusambandid-og-loftslagsmal\">ESB \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum<\/a> og teki\u00f0 st\u00f3ran hluta loftslagsl\u00f6ggjafar sambandsins upp \u00ed \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt gegnum Samninginn um Evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 (EES-samninginn). \u00dea\u00f0 t\u00f6ldust \u00fev\u00ed t\u00e6past st\u00f3rt\u00ed\u00f0indi \u00feegar \u00cdsland \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkjum a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum gagnvart Par\u00edsarsamningnum. \u00cd uppf\u00e6r\u00f0u landsframlagi \u00cdslands fr\u00e1 2021 kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00cdsland stefni a\u00f0 55% samdr\u00e6tti losunar til 2030, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 1990, og muni vinna a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed markmi\u00f0i \u00ed samstarfi vi\u00f0 ESB, a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki \u00feess&nbsp;og Noreg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eins og n\u00e1nar er tilgreint \u00ed landsframlaginu felur samstarfi\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed \u00feremur lykilkerfum ESB sem n\u00e1 yfir mismunandi uppsprettur losunar og eru h\u00f6nnu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 vinna \u00ed sameiningu a\u00f0 losunarmarkmi\u00f0um Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja eins og \u00feau eru \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1framhaldandi \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/lykilstadreyndir-um-ets\/\">vi\u00f0skiptakerfinu me\u00f0 losunarheimildir<\/a>, \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi skyldu til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun innan <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/lykilstadreyndir-um-kerfi-fyrir-samfelagslosun\/\">kerfis um skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar<\/a>, \u00fear sem \u00e1rleg losunarm\u00f6rk eru \u00e1kve\u00f0in fyrir samf\u00e9lagslosun \u00ed hverju r\u00edki, og \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi skyldu til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 tilteknum \u00e1rangri vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 losun vegna landnotkunar, \u00ed kerfi sem kalla m\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/lykilstadreyndir-um-kerfi-fyrir-samfelagslosun\/\">landnotkunarkerfi<\/a>. \u00c1 myndinni h\u00e9r fyrir ne\u00f0an m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 yfirlit yfir markmi\u00f0 og gildissvi\u00f0 hvers kerfis um sig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"549\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kerfin3uppf24-1-1024x549.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kerfin3uppf24-1-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kerfin3uppf24-1-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kerfin3uppf24-1-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/kerfin3uppf24-1.png 1307w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Grunnreglur kerfanna \u00feriggja, sem tengjast me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum h\u00e6tti innbyr\u00f0is, hafa veri\u00f0 teknar upp \u00ed EES-samninginn og innleiddar \u00ed \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt, m.a. me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 70\/2012 um loftslagsm\u00e1l og n\u00fdjum l\u00f6gum nr. 96\/2023 um vi\u00f0skiptakerfi ESB me\u00f0 losunarheimildir. \u00ddmsar breytingar eru \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed farvatninu, en ESB r\u00e9\u00f0ist n\u00fdlega \u00ed vi\u00f0amikla endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum ger\u00f0um um loftslags- og orkum\u00e1l \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feess a\u00f0 heildarmarkmi\u00f0 sambandsins var uppf\u00e6rt \u00far 40% \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/faer-i-55\/\">55%<\/a>. Enn \u00e1 eftir a\u00f0 innlei\u00f0a \u00fdmsar breytingar sem tengjast endursko\u00f0uninni \u00ed \u00edslensk l\u00f6g. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hafa ver\u00f0ur \u00ed huga a\u00f0 endanleg \u00fatf\u00e6rsla skuldbindinga \u00cdslands innan kerfis um skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar og landnotkunarkerfisins liggur enn ekki fyrir, \u00fear sem umr\u00e6ddar breytingager\u00f0ir hafa ekki veri\u00f0 teknar upp \u00ed EES-samninginn. N\u00fagildandi krafa innan kerfis um skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar hlj\u00f3\u00f0ar upp \u00e1 29% samdr\u00e1tt samf\u00e9lagslosunar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi fyrir 2030 mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 2005, en tali\u00f0 er l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 h\u00fan ver\u00f0i h\u00e6kku\u00f0 \u00ed 40-41%. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt \u00e1 enn eftir a\u00f0 \u00fatf\u00e6ra markmi\u00f0 \u00cdslands innan landnotkunarkerfisins&nbsp; fyrir t\u00edmabili\u00f0 2026-2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Samf\u00e9lagslosun, landsheimildir og sveigjanleiki<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021 hefur \u00cdslandi veri\u00f0 skylt a\u00f0 standast \u00e1rleg losunarm\u00f6rk fyrir samf\u00e9lagslosun, sem er eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir losun fr\u00e1 geirum sem ekki heyra undir vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0, s.s. vegasamg\u00f6ngum, sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegi, landb\u00fana\u00f0i, \u00fargangi, jar\u00f0varmavirkjunum, efnanotkun og sm\u00e1i\u00f0na\u00f0i. \u00c1 grundvelli losunarmarkanna f\u00e1 r\u00edki \u00fathluta\u00f0 \u00e1rlegum losunarr\u00e9tti sem kalla m\u00e1 landsheimildir (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"AEA: Annual Emission Allocation.\">AEA<\/span>). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2021 var heildarfj\u00f6ldi landsheimilda \u00cdslands fyrir samf\u00e9lagslosun 2.876.150 (sj\u00e1 mynd). Mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 n\u00faverandi skuldbindingu \u00cdslands (29% samdr\u00e1ttur fram til 2030) dregst fj\u00f6ldi landsheimilda saman um&nbsp;73.157&nbsp;\u00e1 \u00e1ri allt t\u00edmabili\u00f0, en lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 \u00e1rleg samdr\u00e1ttarkrafa mun aukast \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar v\u00e6ntanlegrar uppf\u00e6rslu skuldbindingarinnar.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-7kVKPCNeR\"  class=\"highcharts-7kVKPCNeR\"><script src=\"https:\/\/app.everviz.com\/inject\/7kVKPCNeR\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Ekki ver\u00f0ur n\u00e6gjanlegt a\u00f0 standa vi\u00f0 losunarm\u00f6rkin \u00e1ri\u00f0 2030, heldur m\u00e1 losun \u00e1 hverju \u00e1ri t\u00edmabilsins 2021-2030 a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki vera j\u00f6fn heildarfj\u00f6lda landsheimilda vi\u00f0komandi \u00e1rs eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 myndinni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan.&nbsp;\u00cdsland getur \u00fe\u00f3, eins og \u00f6nnur r\u00edki, n\u00fdtt s\u00e9r tiltekinn sveigjanleika vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 uppfylla kr\u00f6furnar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Yfirf\u00e6rslur landsheimilda.<\/span><strong> <\/strong>Flytja m\u00e1 tiltekinn fj\u00f6lda landsheimilda (AEA) milli \u00e1ra. B\u00e6\u00f0i m\u00e1 flytja hluta heimilda n\u00e6sta \u00e1rs yfir \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi \u00e1r (\u00fe.e. n\u00fdta heimildirnar fyrirfram) og eins m\u00e1 flytja hluta \u00f3n\u00fdttra heimilda yfir \u00e1 n\u00e6sta \u00e1r til n\u00fdtingar s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu. A\u00f0 auki er heimilt a\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0skipti me\u00f0 \u00f3nota\u00f0ar heimildir, upp a\u00f0 tilteknu marki. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ETS-sveigjanleiki.<\/span><strong> <\/strong>Ellefu r\u00edkjum, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. \u00cdslandi, er heimilt a\u00f0 n\u00fdta uppbo\u00f0sheimildir \u00ed ETS-kerfinu (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"EUA: EU Allowances.\">EUA<\/span>) til a\u00f0 uppfylla skuldbindingar s\u00ednar upp a\u00f0 marki sem nemur eftir atvikum 2-4% af samf\u00e9lagslosun vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edkis \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005. Tilgangurinn er a\u00f0 au\u00f0velda r\u00edkjum me\u00f0 str\u00f6ng losunarm\u00f6rk og takmarka\u00f0a m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 hagkv\u00e6mum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um til a\u00f0 draga \u00far samf\u00e9lagslosun a\u00f0 standast skuldbindingar s\u00ednar. Vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki afsala s\u00e9r \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00feeim tekjum sem annars hef\u00f0u hlotist af uppbo\u00f0i \u00feessara losunarheimilda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">LULUCF-sveigjanleiki.<\/span><strong> <\/strong>R\u00edki mega b\u00f3kf\u00e6ra kolefnisbindingu \u00e1 m\u00f3ti eigin losun upp a\u00f0 tilteknu marki a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 \u00feau uppfylli skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00ed landnotkunarkerfinu. S\u00e9 losun vegna landnotkunar meiri en sem nemur skuldbindingum r\u00edkja \u00ed landnotkunarkerfinu \u00feurfa \u00feau a\u00f0 n\u00fdta landsheimildir (AEA) til a\u00f0 uppfylla skuldbindingarnar (e\u00f0a kaupa bindingar\u00e1vinning af \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum). Heimild \u00cdsland samsvarar 200.000 tonnum \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu 2021-2030, e\u00f0a 20.000 tonnum \u00e1 \u00e1ri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00e6tla a\u00f0 gera betur en skuldbindingar um samf\u00e9lagslosun kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u00f0 m\u00f3tun \u00edslenskrar loftslagsstefnu hefur \u00e1hersla veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 draga \u00far samf\u00e9lagslosun. Stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hafa lengi v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feessarar losunar sem \u201elosunar \u00e1 beinni \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00cdslands\u201c og \u00ed stj\u00f3rnars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021 kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00cdsland hyggist setja s\u00e9r \u201esj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt landsmarkmi\u00f0 um 55% samdr\u00e1tt \u00e1 losun \u00e1 beinni \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00cdslands fyrir 2030 mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005\u201c. Stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld stefna me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um a\u00f0 meiri \u00e1rangri vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far samf\u00e9lagslosun en skuldbindingar EES-samningsins kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um, sem ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 teljast skynsamlegt \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00cdsland stefnir a\u00f0 kolefnishlutleysi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2040, t\u00edu \u00e1rum fyrr en ESB. \u00deetta kallar \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega \u00e1 skj\u00f3tar og \u00e1rangursr\u00edkar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, ekki s\u00edst \u00feegar haft er \u00ed huga a\u00f0 samanlagt hefur samf\u00e9lagslosun \u00e1 \u00cdslandi sem fyrr segir einungis dregist saman um 12% fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-WZz3z_JcG\"  class=\"highcharts-WZz3z_JcG\"><script src=\"https:\/\/app.everviz.com\/inject\/WZz3z_JcG\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Miklar vonir bundnar vi\u00f0 n\u00fdja a\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlun<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00fa eru br\u00e1tt fj\u00f6gur \u00e1r fr\u00e1 sam\u00feykkt s\u00ed\u00f0ustu a\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlunar stj\u00f3rnvalda \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum og \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 nokkurrar \u00f3\u00fereyju s\u00e9 fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta um a\u00f0 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin s\u00fdni \u00e1 spilin og geri grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hvernig s\u00e9 fyrirhuga\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 loftslagsmarkmi\u00f0um \u00cdslands \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum. \u00ddmislegt sem stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hafa gert s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1r \u2013 og l\u00e1ti\u00f0 hj\u00e1 l\u00ed\u00f0a a\u00f0 gera \u2013 hefur vaki\u00f0 spurningar og undrun. M\u00e1 \u00fear nefna ni\u00f0urfellingu skatta\u00edvilnana til rafb\u00edlakaupa um s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ram\u00f3t, ford\u00e6malaust \u00e1tak stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar til a\u00f0 fresta \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 flugrekendur grei\u00f0i fyrir losun, \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 n\u00fdta framangreindan ETS-sveigjanleika til fulls (me\u00f0 tilheyrandi tekjutapi r\u00edkissj\u00f3\u00f0s, n\u00e1nar um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e6stu grein), frestun \u00e1 skipun n\u00fds loftslagsr\u00e1\u00f0s eftir a\u00f0 gildist\u00edmi \u00feess rann \u00fat s\u00ed\u00f0asta haust og skort \u00e1 \u00fatg\u00e1fu l\u00f6gbundinnar st\u00f6\u00f0usk\u00fdrslu um a\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlun \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ri. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fr\u00e9ttir herma a\u00f0 stutt s\u00e9 \u00ed kynningu n\u00fdrrar a\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlunar, sem bo\u00f0a\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 feli \u00ed s\u00e9r <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ruv.is\/frettir\/innlent\/2023-04-19-telur-von-a-storum-skrefum-i-nyrri-adgerdaraaetlun-i-loftslagsmalum\">st\u00f3r skref<\/a> til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun \u00fevert \u00e1 geira hagkerfisins \u00ed virku samstarfi hins opinbera og atvinnul\u00edfsins. A\u00f0ger\u00f0a\u00e1\u00e6tlunarinnar er be\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 eftirv\u00e6ntingu, enda t\u00edminn a\u00f0 renna \u00fat og nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 markvissari og \u00e1rangursr\u00edkari a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir komist sem fyrst \u00ed gagni\u00f0. Um lei\u00f0 standa vonir til a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum l\u00e1nist betur en \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 virkja samtakam\u00e1tt allra \u00feeirra sem \u00feurfa a\u00f0 leggja h\u00f6nd \u00e1 pl\u00f3g \u00ed hinu st\u00f3ra samf\u00e9lagslega verkefni sem blasir vi\u00f0, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. r\u00e1\u00f0uneyta og opinberra stofnana \u00e1 mismunandi m\u00e1lefnasvi\u00f0um, sveitarf\u00e9laga, st\u00f3rra og sm\u00e1rra fyrirt\u00e6kja og almennings. Eitt er v\u00edst: Ef stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum er alvara me\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0um s\u00ednum um 55% samdr\u00e1tt samf\u00e9lagslosunar innan sex \u00e1ra og kolefnishlutleysi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2040 \u00fearf lei\u00f0togahlutverk \u00cdslands a\u00f0 felast \u00ed fleiru en a\u00f0 hvetja \u00f6nnur r\u00edki til d\u00e1\u00f0a &#8211; n\u00fa \u00fearf a\u00f0 beina kr\u00f6ftunum inn \u00e1 vi\u00f0. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code><em>Reykjav\u00edk 20.3.2024. Hrafnhildur Bragad\u00f3ttir og Birna Sigr\u00fan Hallsd\u00f3ttir. <\/em><\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Loftslagsmarkmi\u00f0 \u00cdslands eru me\u00f0 \u00feeim metna\u00f0arfyllstu \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. \u00cdsland hefur teki\u00f0 s\u00e9r st\u00f6\u00f0u sem lei\u00f0togi \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum \u2013 \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 minnsta \u00fat \u00e1 vi\u00f0. En gildir hi\u00f0 sama \u00feegar horft er inn \u00e1 vi\u00f0? Hver eru markmi\u00f0in og hver er stefnan?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":635,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,61,63],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-634","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greinar","category-skuldbindingar","category-stefna"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=634"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":916,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/634\/revisions\/916"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/635"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=634"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=634"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/greinar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=634"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}