{"id":115,"date":"2020-10-23T16:22:20","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T16:22:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/?post_type=article&#038;p=115"},"modified":"2025-05-24T22:51:42","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T22:51:42","slug":"inngangur","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/inngangur\/","title":{"rendered":"Inngangur"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"article-block\"><figure id=\"chart49116169f2f4c254656\" class=\"ls-chart\" data-data=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/temperature-anomaly.csv\" data-type=\"temperatureanomaly\" data-dataurl=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/\" ><div id=\"chart49116169f2f4c254656-chart\" class=\"frame chart-frame\"><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Lofthj\u00fapur jar\u00f0arinnar er \u00ed raun \u00feunnt lag lofttegunda sem umlykur hn\u00f6ttinn. Lofthj\u00fapurinn ver okkur gegn h\u00e6ttulegri geislun fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni og heldur hitastigi \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi. K\u00f6fnunarefni (N<sub>2<\/sub>) og s\u00farefni (O<sub>2<\/sub>), sem mynda samanlagt 99% lofthj\u00fapsins, gleypa ekki varmageislun fr\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 gera hins vegar nokkrar lofttegundir sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed litlu magni \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu, svo sem kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>), metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>), gla\u00f0loft (N<sub>2<\/sub>O) og \u00fdmsar lofttegundir sem innihalda fl\u00faor. \u00deessar lofttegundir kallast gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir vegna <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifin eru n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt fyrirb\u00e6ri og gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 hitastig jar\u00f0ar er l\u00edfv\u00e6nlegt. Aukinn styrkur gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed andr\u00famslofti vegna losunar af mannav\u00f6ldum veldur hins vegar auknum gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifum og loftslagsbreytingum.\">gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifanna<\/span> sem \u00fe\u00e6r valda. Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir eiga \u00fea\u00f0 sameiginlegt a\u00f0 hafa langan l\u00edft\u00edma \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu. \u00dea\u00f0 skiptir ekki m\u00e1li hvar \u00feessar lofttegundir sleppa \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0, \u00fe\u00e6r dreifast um allt og \u00e1hrifin koma alls sta\u00f0ar fram. Helsta uppspretta gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda er brennsla <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kol, ol\u00eda og jar\u00f0gas. Einnig kalla\u00f0 jar\u00f0efnaeldsneyti.\">jar\u00f0eldsneytis<\/span>. Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 er <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 stendur fyrir um 76% af heildarlosun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mikilv\u00e6gasta lofttegundin var\u00f0andi aukin gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif og loftslagsbreytingar af mannav\u00f6ldum. \u00dea\u00f0 kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 sem er teki\u00f0 upp af heimsh\u00f6funum (um 25%) veldur s\u00farnun sj\u00e1var.\">langmikilv\u00e6gasta<\/span>&nbsp;gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundin. Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 sem myndast vegna bruna jar\u00f0eldsneytis, vegna i\u00f0na\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu og vegna landnotkunar safnast fyrir og flyst til \u00e1 milli lofthj\u00fapsins, hafsins, landmassans og plantna og d\u00fdra \u00ed l\u00edfhj\u00fapnum. Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 helst \u00ed lofthj\u00fapnum \u00ed langan t\u00edma. \u00dea\u00f0 getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 steintegund \u00feegar skeljar kalkmyndandi l\u00edfvera botnfalla og mynda setl\u00f6g \u00e1 hafsbotni, en sl\u00edk bergmyndun getur teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fasundir \u00e1ra. Af \u00feessum s\u00f6kum er st\u00f3r hluti \u00feess kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s sem mannkyni\u00f0 hefur sett \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 upphafi i\u00f0nbyltingar enn til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu. A\u00f0 sama skapi tekur \u00fea\u00f0 langan t\u00edma a\u00f0 draga \u00far styrk kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s \u00ed andr\u00famslofti, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt losun dragist saman. \u00dear sem loftslagsbreytingar eru vandam\u00e1l sem stafar af upps\u00f6fnun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed lofthj\u00fapnum er mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa strax til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1rangur ver\u00f0i sem mestur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda hefur aukist gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nbyltingu. Samhli\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed hefur styrkur \u00feessara lofttegunda \u00ed andr\u00famslofti aukist. Styrkur kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s j\u00f3kst \u00far u.\u00fe.b. 280 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"M\u00e6lieiningin ppm (e. parts per million) stendur fyrir hluta \u00ed millj\u00f3n, af hverjum millj\u00f3n sameindum sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu eru r\u00famlega 400 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;-sameindir \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 jafngildir 0,04%. Til samanbur\u00f0ar m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 er 78% k\u00f6fnunarefni (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) og 21% s\u00farefni (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;).\">ppm<\/span> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1850 \u00ed 410 ppm \u00e1ri\u00f0 2020 \u2013 og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma hefur hitastig jar\u00f0ar h\u00e6kka\u00f0 um r\u00famlega 1\u00b0C. H\u00f6fin hafa dregi\u00f0 \u00ed sig um 25-30% af \u00fev\u00ed kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0i sem sett hefur veri\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nbyltingu og \u00feessi aukning kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s \u00ed sj\u00f3num veldur&nbsp;<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Hafi\u00f0 leikur st\u00f3rt hlutverk \u00ed a\u00f0 dempa \u00e1hrif losunar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s og ver\u00f0ur um lei\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft fyrir miklum \u00e1hrifum. Hafi\u00f0 dregur nefnilega \u00ed sig b\u00e6\u00f0i varma og kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 \u00far andr\u00famsloftinu. H\u00f6fin hafa dregi\u00f0 \u00ed sig um 25-30% af \u00fev\u00ed kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0i sem sett hefur veri\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nbyltingu og \u00feessi aukning kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s \u00ed sj\u00f3num hefur \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 sj\u00f3rinn s\u00farnar. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed &lt;em&gt;Hugt\u00f6k og or\u00f0sk\u00fdringar&lt;\/em&gt;.\"> s\u00farnun sj\u00e1var<\/span>. S\u00fdrustig sj\u00e1var hefur \u00feegar l\u00e6kka\u00f0 \u00far 8,2 \u00ed 8,1. \u00deetta l\u00edtur kannski ekki \u00fat fyrir a\u00f0 vera mikil s\u00farnun, en \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir samt a\u00f0 styrkur vetnisj\u00f3na \u00ed sj\u00f3num hefur aukist um <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00dea\u00f0 er vegna \u00feessa a\u00f0 s\u00fdrustigi\u00f0 er m\u00e6lt \u00e1 l\u00f3garitm\u00edskum skala.\">30%<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"highcharts-7ED32JTSX\"  class=\"highcharts-7ED32JTSX\"><script src=\"https:\/\/app.everviz.com\/inject\/7ED32JTSX\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda af mannav\u00f6ldum hefur loftslagsbreytingar \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Lofthj\u00fapurinn og heimsh\u00f6fin hafa hl\u00fdna\u00f0, j\u00f6klar hafa br\u00e1\u00f0na\u00f0 og sj\u00e1varbor\u00f0 hefur h\u00e6kka\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 hefur alls kyns \u00f6fgaatbur\u00f0um fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 s.s. hitabylgjum, gr\u00f3\u00f0ureldum, fl\u00f3\u00f0um, aftaka\u00farkomu og \u00f3ve\u00f0ursatbur\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-in-data-column-and-sticky\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/afleid.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"926\" height=\"691\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/afleid.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/afleid.png 926w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/afleid-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/afleid-768x573.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 926px) 100vw, 926px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Aflei\u00f0ingar loftslagsbreytinga eru margs konar. J\u00f6klar hafa br\u00e1\u00f0na\u00f0 og sj\u00e1varbor\u00f0 h\u00e6kka\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 hefur \u00f6fgaatbur\u00f0um eins og hitabylgjum, gr\u00f3\u00f0ureldum, aftaka\u00farkomu, \u00feurrkum og \u00f3ve\u00f0ursatbur\u00f0um fj\u00f6lga\u00f0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Bar\u00e1ttan gegn loftslagsbreytingum er eitt umfangsmesta og mikilv\u00e6gasta verkefni sem mannkyni\u00f0 stendur frammi fyrir. Loftslagsbreytingar eru hnattr\u00e6nt vi\u00f0fangsefni og \u00fev\u00ed er br\u00fdnt a\u00f0 draga hratt \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. \u00cdsland hefur teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarfi um loftslagsm\u00e1l fr\u00e1 upphafi og er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 Rammasamningi Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um loftslagsbreytingar (loftslagssamningnum), Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni og Par\u00edsarsamningnum. \u00deessum samningum sem og a\u00f0ild \u00cdslands a\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"EES: Evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0.\">EES<\/span> hafa fylgt kva\u00f0ir um takmarkanir \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda (skuldbindingar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c1 \u00feessum vef er fjalla\u00f0 um losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. Umfj\u00f6lluninni er skipt ni\u00f0ur \u00ed fj\u00f3ra \u00fe\u00e6tti, auk \u00feess sem helstu hugt\u00f6k er var\u00f0a losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og skuldbindingar \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum eru \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og losunarb\u00f3khald.<\/strong> H\u00e9r er fjalla\u00f0 stuttlega um losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda me\u00f0 &nbsp;megin\u00e1herslu \u00e1 losun \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Fjalla\u00f0 er um hvernig losunarb\u00f3khald er haldi\u00f0 og munurinn \u00e1 losunarb\u00f3khaldi Umhverfis- og orkustofnunar og losunarreikningum Hagstofunnar \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0ur.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamf\u00e9lagsins.<\/strong> Loftslagsbreytingar eru hnattr\u00e6nt vi\u00f0fangsefni og \u00fev\u00ed er br\u00fdnt a\u00f0 draga hratt \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. Samstarf \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a er lykillinn a\u00f0 \u00e1rangri \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed svi\u00f0i. \u00cdsland hefur teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarfi um loftslagsm\u00e1l fr\u00e1 upphafi og er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 loftslagssamningnum, Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni og Par\u00edsarsamningnum. A\u00f0ild \u00cdslands a\u00f0 EES hefur einnig \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu en Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 er lei\u00f0andi \u00ed hnattr\u00e6nu samstarfi \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. H\u00e9r er fjalla\u00f0 um ofangreind atri\u00f0i enda er skilningur \u00e1 \u00feessum samningum og samstarfi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a grundv\u00f6llur \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00f6gulegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 skilja skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skuldbindingar \u00cdslands.<\/strong> Skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum eru nokku\u00f0 fl\u00f3knar og taka b\u00e6\u00f0i mi\u00f0 af al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningum um loftslagsm\u00e1l (loftslagssamningnum, Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni, Par\u00edsarsamningnum) og \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00cdslands \u00ed EES. H\u00e9r er fjalla\u00f0 um skuldbindingar \u00cdslands skv. mismunandi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningum, einkum skuldbindingar \u00e1 fyrra og s\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar sem og skuldbindingar skv. Par\u00edsarsamningnum, \u00fear sem \u00cdsland mun uppfylla skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00ed samstarfi vi\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambands\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Samanbur\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur l\u00f6nd.<\/strong> H\u00e9r er sko\u00f0a\u00f0 hvernig losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur l\u00f6nd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sum or\u00f0 og hugt\u00f6k eru \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 n\u00e1nar \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0unni, b\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 gera efni\u00f0 skiljanlegra og eins til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00f3taruppl\u00fdsingum. \u00deessi or\u00f0 eru undirstriku\u00f0 me\u00f0 gr\u00e6nni l\u00ednu og sj\u00e1st or\u00f0sk\u00fdringarnar \u00feegar fari\u00f0 er me\u00f0 t\u00f6lvum\u00fasina yfir or\u00f0in. Langflest gr\u00f6fin \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0unni eru gagnvirk. \u00c1 sumum gr\u00f6fum er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 smella \u00e1 tiltekna \u00fe\u00e6tti til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 n\u00e1nari greiningu \u00e1 \u00feeim. Eins er stundum m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 fjarl\u00e6gja einstaka \u00fe\u00e6tti, \u00feannig a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a myndina \u00e1n vi\u00f0komandi uppl\u00fdsinga. Jafnvel er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 taka \u00fat alla \u00fe\u00e6tti nema einn til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feann \u00fe\u00e1tt s\u00e9rstaklega. \u00deetta sk\u00fdrir sig best ef notendur s\u00ed\u00f0unnar pr\u00f3fa sig \u00e1fram. H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hla\u00f0a ni\u00f0ur \u00feeim g\u00f6gnum sem eru \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 gr\u00f6fin. \u00dea\u00f0 er gert me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 smella \u00e1 hnapp sem er \u00ed efra h\u00e6gra horninu \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi grafi. Ne\u00f0st \u00ed h\u00e6gra horninu \u00e1 hverri s\u00ed\u00f0u er hnappur sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00fdta \u00e1 til a\u00f0 halda \u00e1fram \u00ed n\u00e6sta umfj\u00f6llunarefni \u00e1 vefnum. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a efni s\u00ed\u00f0unnar \u00e1 fars\u00edma er m\u00e6lt me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 notast vi\u00f0 st\u00e6rri skj\u00e1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lofthj\u00fapur jar\u00f0arinnar er \u00ed raun \u00feunnt lag lofttegunda sem umlykur hn\u00f6ttinn. Lofthj\u00fapurinn ver okkur gegn h\u00e6ttulegri geislun fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni og heldur hitastigi \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi. K\u00f6fnunarefni (N2) og s\u00farefni (O2), sem mynda samanlagt 99% lofthj\u00fapsins, gleypa ekki varmageislun fr\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 gera hins vegar nokkrar lofttegundir sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed litlu magni \u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":[],"categories":[3],"class_list":["post-115","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","category-inngangur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}