{"id":117,"date":"2020-10-23T17:49:40","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T17:49:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/?post_type=article&p=117"},"modified":"2026-03-16T09:19:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-16T09:19:46","slug":"vidbrogd-althjodasamfelagsins","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/vidbrogd-althjodasamfelagsins\/","title":{"rendered":"Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamf\u00e9lagsins"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/a>
<\/a><\/a>Aflei\u00f0ingar loftslagsbreytinga eru margs konar. J\u00f6klar hafa br\u00e1\u00f0na\u00f0 og sj\u00e1varbor\u00f0 h\u00e6kka\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 hefur \u00f6fgaatbur\u00f0um eins og hitabylgjum, gr\u00f3\u00f0ureldum, aftaka\u00farkomu, \u00feurrkum og \u00f3ve\u00f0ursatbur\u00f0um fj\u00f6lga\u00f0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda af mannav\u00f6ldum hefur loftslagsbreytingar \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Lofthj\u00fapurinn og heimsh\u00f6fin hafa hl\u00fdna\u00f0, j\u00f6klar hafa br\u00e1\u00f0na\u00f0 og sj\u00e1varbor\u00f0 hefur h\u00e6kka\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 hefur alls kyns \u00f6fgaatbur\u00f0um fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 s.s. hitabylgjum, \u00feurrkum, gr\u00f3\u00f0ureldum, fl\u00f3\u00f0um, aftaka\u00farkomu<\/span> og \u00f3ve\u00f0ursatbur\u00f0um. Breytingarnar eru margslungnar og hafa m.a. \u00e1hrif \u00e1 matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu og b\u00fasetuskilyr\u00f0i. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 breytingunum kalla \u00e1 kostna\u00f0arsamar m\u00f3tv\u00e6gisa\u00f0ger\u00f0ir en a\u00f0ger\u00f0aleysi yr\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 enn d\u00fdrkeyptara til lengri t\u00edma. Til a\u00f0 sporna vi\u00f0 frekari neikv\u00e6\u00f0um aflei\u00f0ingum ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. \u00dear sem vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 er hnattr\u00e6nt er nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 vinna a\u00f0 lausn \u00feess \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rammasamningur<\/span> Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um loftslagsbreytingar fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1992 hefur \u00fea\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir h\u00e6ttulega r\u00f6skun \u00e1 loftslagskerfinu \u00feannig a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 tryggja matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu og sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ra efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un. Mikilv\u00e6gi samningsins liggur ekki s\u00edst \u00ed umgj\u00f6r\u00f0inni sem hefur veri\u00f0 sk\u00f6pu\u00f0 um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarf \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. \u00c1 vettvangi samningsins var sami\u00f0 um Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina og Par\u00edsarsamninginn. Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 er lei\u00f0andi \u00ed hnattr\u00e6nu samstarfi \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum og t\u00f3k til a\u00f0 mynda frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un vi\u00f0skiptakerfis me\u00f0 losunarheimildir (ETS: Emission Trading System). \u00cdslensk i\u00f0nfyrirt\u00e6ki hafa teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptakerfinu fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2013 og fr\u00e1 sama t\u00edma hafa skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af stefnu og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um ESB \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um loftslagssamninginn, Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina, Par\u00edsarsamninginn og stefnu og markmi\u00f0 ESB \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. Einnig ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 stuttlega um reglur um losun \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aflugi og -siglingum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loftslagssamningurinn<\/h1>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 – st\u00e6rstan hluta gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed andr\u00famslofti m\u00e1 rekja til brennslu jar\u00f0eldsneytis (kola, ol\u00edu og jar\u00f0gass).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u00cd lok 9. \u00e1ratugar 20. aldar var \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um heims or\u00f0i\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 koma \u00feyrfti b\u00f6ndum \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. Rammasamningur Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um loftslagsbreytingar, e\u00f0a loftslagssamningurinn<\/span>, var lag\u00f0ur fram til undirritunar \u00e1 heimsr\u00e1\u00f0stefnu Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna um umhverfi og \u00fer\u00f3un \u00ed Rio de Janeiro \u00e1ri\u00f0 1992 og t\u00f3k hann gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1994. Markmi\u00f0 samningsins er \u201ea\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir h\u00e6ttulega r\u00f6skun \u00e1 loftslagskerfinu af mannav\u00f6ldum, og tryggja \u00feannig a\u00f0 matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heiminum ver\u00f0i ekki stefnt \u00ed h\u00e6ttu og a\u00f0 efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un geti haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ran h\u00e1tt\u201c. \u00cd samningnum er hvergi me\u00f0 afdr\u00e1ttarlausum h\u00e6tti kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um skyldu r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda a\u00f0 tilteknu marki. \u00de\u00f3 kemur fram a\u00f0 i\u00f0nr\u00edkin<\/span> skuli gr\u00edpa til r\u00e1\u00f0stafana<\/span> \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 hverfa aftur, hvert fyrir sig e\u00f0a sameiginlega, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fatstreymismagni sem var 1990. Samanl\u00f6g\u00f0 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed i\u00f0nr\u00edkjunum dr\u00f3st saman um u.\u00fe.b. 7% milli \u00e1ranna 1990 og 2000 og \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00feetta veika markmi\u00f0 samningsins um a\u00f0 hverfa aftur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fatstreymismagni sem var \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990 hafi n\u00e1\u00f0st. \u00de\u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3un m\u00e1tti \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 mestu leyti rekja til hruns efnahags r\u00edkja Austur-Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma en a\u00f0 minna leyti til markvissra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a r\u00edkjanna. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma j\u00f3kst losun \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edkja<\/span> um 26% og heildarlosun \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu \u00fear me\u00f0 um 3%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum byggir \u00e1 loftslagssamningnum. Me\u00f0 honum var skrifstofu samningsins komi\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t og vettvangur skapa\u00f0ur fyrir frekari al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur enda lj\u00f3st fr\u00e1 upphafi a\u00f0 samningurinn v\u00e6ri a\u00f0eins fyrsta skrefi\u00f0 \u00ed samstarfi r\u00edkja \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum \u00fear sem hann innih\u00e9lt ekki sk\u00fdr t\u00f6luleg og t\u00edmasett markmi\u00f0 var\u00f0andi samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. Samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur um Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina og Par\u00edsarsamninginn f\u00f3ru fram \u00e1 vettvangi samningsins. \u00de\u00e1 var uppl\u00fdsingagj\u00f6f r\u00edkja til skrifstofu samningsins formfest me\u00f0 loftslagssamningnum, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. losunarb\u00f3khald og reglulegar sk\u00fdrslur um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. \u00deessi uppl\u00fdsingagj\u00f6f gegnir gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki \u00ed samstarfi r\u00edkja heims um loftslagsm\u00e1l. Loftslagssamningurinn hefur fr\u00e1 upphafi noti\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ks stu\u00f0nings r\u00edkja heims. N\u00e6r \u00f6ll r\u00edki heims, auk Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, eru n\u00fa a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 samningnum. \u00cdsland fullgilti loftslagssamninginn 16. j\u00fan\u00ed 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin<\/h1>\n\n\n
<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/div>
Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin: Uppgj\u00f6r og sveigjanleiki<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div> \n\n\n
<\/div>
Samstarf Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja \u00ed Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div> \n\n\n\n

Almennt or\u00f0a\u00f0ar skuldbindingar loftslagssamningsins dug\u00f0u ekki til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0um<\/span> hans. \u00dev\u00ed var Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin vi\u00f0 loftslagssamninginn ger\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997 en b\u00f3kunin inniheldur einmitt t\u00edmasett og t\u00f6luleg losunarm\u00f6rk fyrir i\u00f0nr\u00edkin. Engar kva\u00f0ir voru lag\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edki \u00fear sem enn var unni\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeirri hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 i\u00f0nr\u00edkin b\u00e6ru meiri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 vandanum. B\u00f3kunin t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005<\/span>. Fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabil<\/span> Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar st\u00f3\u00f0 fr\u00e1 2008 til 2012 og var heildarmarkmi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun i\u00f0nr\u00edkja um a\u00f0 minnsta kosti 5% \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990. \u00c1 t\u00edmabilinu t\u00f3k b\u00f3kunin til sex gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda: kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s (CO2<\/sub>), metans (CH4<\/sub>), gla\u00f0lofts (N2<\/sub>O), vetnisfl\u00faorkolefna (HFC), perfl\u00faorkolefna (PFC) og brennisteinshexafl\u00faor\u00ed\u00f0s (SF6<\/sub>). Magntakmarkanir \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda voru mismunandi fyrir a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin. Flest r\u00edki \u00feurftu a\u00f0 draga \u00far sinni losun, t.a.m. \u00e1ttu Evr\u00f3pusambandsr\u00edkin<\/span> a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun um 8%, Bandar\u00edkin<\/span> um 7% og Kanada<\/span> um 6% mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990. Noregur m\u00e1tti auka losun s\u00edna um 1%, \u00c1stral\u00eda um 8% og \u00cdsland f\u00e9kk heimild til a\u00f0 auka losun s\u00edna um 10% \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 undanskilja tiltekna losun vegna i\u00f0na\u00f0arstarfsemi \u00ed uppgj\u00f6ri s\u00ednu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u00f0b\u00e6tur<\/span> vi\u00f0 Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina voru sam\u00feykktar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012. Magntakmarkanir \u00e1 losun i\u00f0nr\u00edkja voru framlengdar og var markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 samanl\u00f6g\u00f0 losun fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nr\u00edkjum myndi dragast saman um a.m.k. 18% \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu 2013-2020<\/span> mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990. Eftir breytingarnar tekur b\u00f3kunin til sj\u00f6<\/span> gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed sta\u00f0 sex \u00e1\u00f0ur. Eins og \u00e1 fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabilinu voru magntakmarkanir mismunandi fyrir a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin. \u00deannig skuldbundu ESB-r\u00edkin<\/span> sig til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun um 20%, \u00c1stral\u00eda um 0,5%, Noregur um 16% og \u00dakra\u00edna um 24% mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 1990. \u00cdsland t\u00f3k \u00e1 sig sameiginlega skuldbindingu me\u00f0 ESB \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili. Fj\u00f6gur r\u00edki, Japan, Kanada, R\u00fassland og N\u00fdja-Sj\u00e1land h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 framlengja t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabilinu. Fj\u00f6gur r\u00edki, Hv\u00edta-R\u00fassland, K\u00fdpur, Kasakstan og Malta gengust undir t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar \u00ed fyrsta skipti. \u00deau l\u00f6nd sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni \u00e1 seinna t\u00edmabilinu uppfylltu skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu \u00fe\u00f3 sum \u00feeirra (\u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00cdsland, sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r<\/a>) hafi \u00feurft a\u00f0 n\u00fdta sveigjanleika\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i b\u00f3kunarinnar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upprunalegt markmi\u00f0 Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar um 5% samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun i\u00f0nr\u00edkja n\u00e1\u00f0ist \u00e1 tilsettum t\u00edma. Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edtil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3un heimslosunar. \u00dear skiptir mestu hversu l\u00edtill hluti heimslosunar f\u00e9ll undir skuldbindingarnar. \u00deegar b\u00f3kunin var sam\u00feykkt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997 b\u00e1ru \u00feau r\u00edki sem undirgengust t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 59% af heimslosun. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2010 (\u00e1 mi\u00f0ju fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabili) var \u00feetta hlutfall komi\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed 23%, b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin h\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed samstarfinu \u00e1ri\u00f0 2001 og vegna \u00feess losun \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edkjum h\u00e9lt \u00e1fram a\u00f0 aukast. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2011, \u00feegar sami\u00f0 var um s\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabili\u00f0, st\u00f3\u00f0u \u00feau r\u00edki sem undirgengust t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar fyrir 13% af heimslosun. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2016 (\u00e1 mi\u00f0ju seinna skuldbindingat\u00edmabilinu) var \u00feetta hlutfall komi\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed 9,5%. Skuldbindingarnar h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edtil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu og \u00feau \u00e1hrif f\u00f3ru hlutfallslega minnkandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem lei\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00edmabili\u00f0 \u00fear sem losun \u00f3x \u00f6rt \u00ed r\u00edkjum sem ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0u gengist undir t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar, \u00fe. \u00e1 m. \u00ed Brasil\u00edu, Indlandi og K\u00edna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par\u00edsarsamningurinn<\/h1>\n\n\n
<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i loftslagssamningsins og Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar hafa ekki duga\u00f0 til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed heiminum og \u00fev\u00ed var nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 leita lei\u00f0a til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00f6ll r\u00edki heims a\u00f0 bor\u00f0inu. \u00dea\u00f0 t\u00f3kst \u00feegar Par\u00edsarsamningurinn um loftslagsm\u00e1l var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1 21. a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja\u00feingi loftslagssamningsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015. Samningurinn gekk \u00ed gildi<\/span> 4. n\u00f3vember 2016, innan vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0 hann var sam\u00feykktur. Par\u00edsarsamningnum er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja vi\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 loftslagssamningsins um a\u00f0 \u201ea\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir h\u00e6ttulega r\u00f6skun \u00e1 loftslagskerfinu af mannav\u00f6ldum, og tryggja \u00feannig a\u00f0 matv\u00e6laframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heiminum ver\u00f0i ekki stefnt \u00ed h\u00e6ttu og a\u00f0 efnahags\u00fer\u00f3un geti haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ran h\u00e1tt\u201c. \u00cd \u00feeim tilgangi eru sett fram \u00ferj\u00fa markmi\u00f0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n