{"id":118,"date":"2020-10-23T17:56:28","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T17:56:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/?post_type=article&p=118"},"modified":"2025-05-27T23:47:53","modified_gmt":"2025-05-27T23:47:53","slug":"skuldbindingar-islands","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/skuldbindingar-islands\/","title":{"rendered":"Skuldbindingar \u00cdslands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/a>
Hl\u00fdsj\u00e1vark\u00f3ralrif eru fj\u00f6lbreytt, mikilfengleg og gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega falleg sj\u00e1varvistkerfi, \u00fear sem fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg sj\u00e1vard\u00fdr lifa – k\u00f3ralrifin \u00feola hl\u00fdnun sj\u00e1var illa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum samningum sem kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. \u00cdsland ger\u00f0ist a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 loftslagssamningnum<\/span> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1993 og t\u00f3k samningurinn gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1994. \u00cd samningnum er ekki a\u00f0 finna beinar t\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar r\u00edkja en \u00fe\u00f3 kemur fram a\u00f0 i\u00f0nr\u00edkin<\/span> skuli gr\u00edpa til r\u00e1\u00f0stafana \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 hverfa aftur, hvert fyrir sig e\u00f0a sameiginlega, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fatstreymismagni sem var 1990. Losun h\u00e9rlendis j\u00f3kst um 12% fr\u00e1 1990 til \u00e1rsins 2000 og \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 ekki t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00feetta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i samningsins h\u00e9rlendis \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi tekist fyrir i\u00f0nr\u00edkin sem heild. T\u00f6lulegar skuldbindingar er hins vegar a\u00f0 finna \u00ed Kyoto-b\u00f3kuninni, sem var ger\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997 og t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005. \u00cdsland fullgilti b\u00f3kunina \u00e1ri\u00f0 2002. B\u00f3kunin inniheldur t\u00edmasett og t\u00f6luleg losunarm\u00f6rk fyrir i\u00f0nr\u00edkin \u00e1 tveimur tilteknum t\u00edmabilum, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um skuldbindingat\u00edmabilum. Fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabili\u00f0 n\u00e1\u00f0i fr\u00e1 2008 til 2012 og var heildarmarkmi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun i\u00f0nr\u00edkja um a\u00f0 minnsta kosti 5% \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ara t\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar, sem n\u00e1\u00f0i fr\u00e1 2013 til 2020, var markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 samanl\u00f6g\u00f0 losun fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nr\u00edkjum myndi dragast saman um a.m.k. 18% mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 2015 var Par\u00edsarsamningurinn um loftslagsm\u00e1l sam\u00feykktur og gekk hann \u00ed gildi 4. n\u00f3vember 2016. \u00cdsland fullgilti samninginn \u00ed september 2016. Samkv\u00e6mt Par\u00edsarsamningnum skulu a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin sj\u00e1lf setja s\u00e9r markmi\u00f0 um a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, svonefnd landsframl\u00f6g<\/span>. \u00cdsland fullgilti Par\u00edsarsamninginn \u00ed september 2015 og sendi \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 inn landsframlag sitt, \u00fear sem fram kom a\u00f0 \u00cdsland hyg\u00f0ist taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sameiginlegu markmi\u00f0i ESB um a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun um 40% fram til 2030, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 1990. \u00cd febr\u00faar 2021 sendi \u00cdsland inn uppf\u00e6rt landsframlag \u00fear sem fram kemur a\u00f0 \u00cdsland muni taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed n\u00fdju markmi\u00f0i ESB um 55% samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun (\u00ed samstarfi vi\u00f0 ESB-r\u00edkin og Noreg) \u00ed sta\u00f0 40% \u00e1\u00f0ur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00e1 fyrra og s\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar sem og skuldbindingar \u00cdslands skv. Par\u00edsarsamninginum sem taka alfari\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af stefnu og markmi\u00f0um ESB \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum, skv. samningi a\u00f0ila \u00fear um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabil Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar (2008-2012)<\/h2>\n\n\n
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\u00c1 fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar m\u00e1tti \u00cdsland auka losun s\u00edna um 10% mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 undanskilja tiltekna losun vegna i\u00f0na\u00f0arstarfsemi \u00ed uppgj\u00f6ri s\u00ednu \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un sem sam\u00feykkt var \u00e1 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja\u00feingi loftslagssamningsins og hefur veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201e\u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0\u201c (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed \u00cdtarefni um \u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/div>
Kyoto-b\u00f3kunin: Uppgj\u00f6r og sveigjanleiki<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div> \n\n\n
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\u00cdslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div> \n\n\n\n

Fyrir t\u00edmabili\u00f0 2008-2012 f\u00e9kk \u00cdsland \u00fathluta\u00f0 18.523.847<\/span> losunarheimildum<\/span>, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um AAU<\/span>-einingum, sem lag\u00f0ar voru inn \u00e1 reikning \u00cdslands \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega skr\u00e1ningarkerfinu<\/span>. Gefnar voru \u00fat 1.541.960 RMU<\/span>-einingar vegna kolefnisbindingar me\u00f0 sk\u00f3gr\u00e6kt og  landgr\u00e6\u00f0slu \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu en landgr\u00e6\u00f0sla var eina valkv\u00e6\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0in sem \u00cdsland valdi \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu. \u00de\u00e1 afla\u00f0i \u00cdsland s\u00e9r einnig 33.125 ERU<\/span>-eininga og CER<\/span>-eininga vegna verkefnatengdra m\u00f3tv\u00e6gisa\u00f0ger\u00f0a en heimilt var a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00feessar Kyoto-einingar<\/span> til a\u00f0 uppfylla skuldbindingar skv. b\u00f3kuninni. Heildarinnist\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 reikningi \u00cdslands var \u00fev\u00ed 20.098.932 heimildir \u00ed lok t\u00edmabilsins (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun um uppgj\u00f6ri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00cdtarefni um Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina: Uppgj\u00f6r og sveigjanleiki<\/em>). Heildarlosun \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu var 23.356.071 tonn kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s\u00edgilda. Losun umfram innist\u00e6\u00f0u var \u00fev\u00ed 3.257.139 tonn kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s\u00edgilda. Losun kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s sem uppfyllti skilyr\u00f0i \u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins var samtals 5.912.946 tonn. \u00cd samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0i \u00edslenska \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins a\u00f0 einungis megi undanskilja losun a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki sem heildarlosun er umfram heimildir var \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00fdtt til a\u00f0 undanskilja framangreinda umframkeyrslu, \u00fe.e. 3.257.139 tonn, fr\u00e1 heildarlosun \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Af framans\u00f6g\u00f0u er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00cdsland uppfyllti skuldbindingar s\u00ednar \u00e1 fyrra skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 losun hafi aukist um 26% fr\u00e1 1990 til 2012. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabil Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar (2013-2020)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
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\u00cdslensk i\u00f0nfyrirt\u00e6ki hafa teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptakerfi ESB me\u00f0 losunarheimildir fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2013 og fr\u00e1 sama t\u00edma hafa skuldbindingar \u00cdslands \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af stefnu og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um ESB \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ara skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar \u00e1kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00cdsland og ESB-r\u00edkin a\u00f0 uppfylla skuldbindingar s\u00ednar sameiginlega<\/span> og draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda um 20% \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 1990. Eins og fram kemur \u00ed umfj\u00f6llun um ESB og loftslagsm\u00e1l<\/a> beitti ESB tveimur kerfum til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram markmi\u00f0um s\u00ednum \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n