{"id":119,"date":"2020-10-23T17:57:13","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T17:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/?post_type=article&#038;p=119"},"modified":"2025-05-24T16:40:07","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T16:40:07","slug":"hugtok-og-ordskyringar","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/article\/hugtok-og-ordskyringar\/","title":{"rendered":"Hugt\u00f6k og or\u00f0sk\u00fdringar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif, gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir og hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-in-data-column-and-sticky\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/behzad-azandaryan-malayeri-ROZUBPl-iE-unsplash-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif (Greenhouse effect):<\/strong> Lofthj\u00fap jar\u00f0ar m\u00e1 l\u00edkja vi\u00f0 gler \u00ed gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasi. Hann hleypir grei\u00f0lega \u00ed gegnum sig \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1rri og s\u00fdnilegri s\u00f3largeislun (stuttbylgjugeislun) en heldur inni hluta varmageislunarinnar (langbylgjugeislun) sem berst fr\u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i jar\u00f0ar. \u00deannig dregur lofthj\u00fapurinn \u00far varmatapi fr\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u00deessi \u00e1hrif lofthj\u00fapsins \u00e1 hitastig og loftslag \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni eru nefnd gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif og eru n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt fyrirb\u00e6ri, en \u00e1n \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri me\u00f0alhitastig \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00ed kringum -18\u00b0C \u00ed sta\u00f0 +15\u00b0C eins og \u00fea\u00f0 er n\u00fa. Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifin eru \u00feannig forsenda fyrir l\u00edfi \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni eins og vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir (Greenhouse gases):<\/strong> Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir eru lofttegundir sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed mj\u00f6g litlu magni \u00ed andr\u00famslofti jar\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e6r gleypa varmageislun og hafa \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 geislunarjafnv\u00e6gi jar\u00f0arinnar \u2013 \u00fe\u00e6r valda sem sagt gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifum, e\u00f0a eru gleri\u00f0 \u00ed gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasinu svo notu\u00f0 s\u00e9 sama saml\u00edking og fyrr. Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifin eru n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt fyrirb\u00e6ri og gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 hitastig jar\u00f0ar er l\u00edfv\u00e6nlegt. Aukinn styrkur gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed andr\u00famslofti veldur hins vegar auknum gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifum og loftslagsbreytingum auk \u00feess sem kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0, \u00e1hrifamesta gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundin, veldur einnig s\u00farnun sj\u00e1var. \u00de\u00e6r gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir sem losunarb\u00f3khald r\u00edkja n\u00e6r yfir eru: kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>), metan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>), gla\u00f0loft (N<sub>2<\/sub>O), vetnisfl\u00faorkolefni (HFC), perfl\u00faorkolefni (PFC), brennisteinshexafl\u00faor\u00ed\u00f0 (SF<sub>6<\/sub>) og k\u00f6fnunarefnistr\u00edfl\u00faor\u00ed\u00f0 (NF<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div id=\"everviz-layout-lJE5z7zNP\"  class=\"everviz-layout-lJE5z7zNP\"><script src=\"https:\/\/app.everviz.com\/inject\/lJE5z7zNP\/\" defer=\"defer\"><\/script><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u00farnun sj\u00e1var (Ocean acidification): <\/strong>Styrkur kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s \u00ed andr\u00famslofti hefur aukist st\u00f6\u00f0ugt fr\u00e1 upphafi i\u00f0nbyltingar. Styrkaukninguna m\u00e1 einkum rekja til losunar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s vegna brennslu jar\u00f0eldsneytis og vegna breyttrar landnotkunar. H\u00f6fin hafa teki\u00f0 upp um fj\u00f3r\u00f0ung allrar losunar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s af mannav\u00f6ldum fr\u00e1 i\u00f0nbyltingu. \u00deegar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 leysist upp \u00ed sj\u00f3num eykst styrkur vetnisj\u00f3na&nbsp; (s\u00fdrustig (pH) l\u00e6kkar) en \u00e1 sama t\u00edma l\u00e6kkar einnig styrkur karb\u00f3natj\u00f3na sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 kalkmettun \u00ed sj\u00f3num minnkar. Karb\u00f3natj\u00f3nir eru mikilv\u00e6gt byggingarefni \u00ed skeljar kalkmyndandi l\u00edfvera. S\u00farnun sj\u00e1var hefur tvenns konar \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki sj\u00e1var. Annars vegar er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a bein \u00e1hrif af h\u00e6rri styrk vetnisj\u00f3na, en ranns\u00f3knir benda til \u00feess a\u00f0 ef s\u00fdrustig ver\u00f0ur of l\u00e1gt geti heilastarfsemi og lyktarskyn sumra fiska truflast og \u00fear me\u00f0 h\u00e6fileiki \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast r\u00e1nd\u00fdr. Hins vegar er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1hrif \u00e1 kalkmyndandi l\u00edfverur<strong> <\/strong>sem eiga erfi\u00f0ara me\u00f0 a\u00f0 mynda og vi\u00f0halda skeljunum \u00feegar kalkmettun l\u00e6kkar.<strong> <\/strong>Kalkmyndandi pl\u00f6ntur og d\u00fdr eru oft grunnur f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junnar og \u00fev\u00ed mikilv\u00e6gur \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed vistkerfum hafsins. \u00dev\u00ed geta breytt l\u00edfsskilyr\u00f0i \u00feessara l\u00edfvera haft mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vistkerfi\u00f0 \u00ed heild. S\u00fdrustig sj\u00e1var (pH) hefur veri\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugt \u00ed um 20 millj\u00f3n \u00e1r og hafa ber \u00ed huga a\u00f0 n\u00falifandi sj\u00e1varl\u00edfverur \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika.&nbsp;Heimsh\u00f6fin s\u00farna n\u00fa hratt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur \u00feekkst og \u00fev\u00ed gefst l\u00edtill t\u00edmi til a\u00f0l\u00f6gunar fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0. \u00c1framhaldandi s\u00farnun mun ver\u00f0a einna mest \u00e1 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0inu fyrir nor\u00f0an \u00cdsland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur (Global Warming Potential (GWP)):<\/strong> Hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur er tala sem tekur mi\u00f0 af mismunandi \u00e1hrifum gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundanna \u00e1 geislunarjafnv\u00e6gi \u00ed lofthj\u00fapnum og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1hrifum \u00feeirra til h\u00e6kkunar hitastigs \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. Til eru mismunandi t\u00f6lur yfir hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1tt, annars vegar vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a samanbur\u00f0 lofttegundanna vi\u00f0 mismunandi t\u00edmabil og hins vegar vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 aukin v\u00edsinda\u00feekking hefur leitt til betri skilnings \u00e1 \u00e1hrifunum. \u00dev\u00ed eru t\u00f6lur um hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1tt i\u00f0ulega uppf\u00e6r\u00f0ar \u00ed v\u00edsindask\u00fdrslum IPCC (sj\u00e1 ne\u00f0ar), en \u00fe\u00e6r sk\u00fdrslur koma \u00fat \u00e1 nokkurra \u00e1ra fresti. Hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) er 1 og hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur annarra lofttegunda er reikna\u00f0ur hlutfallslega \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda (Greenhouse gas emissions):<\/strong> Losun framangreindra sj\u00f6 gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda gefin upp \u00ed tonnum e\u00f0a k\u00edl\u00f3tonnum <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s\u00edgildi er m\u00e6lieining sem notu\u00f0 er til a\u00f0 bera saman losun mismunandi gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda me\u00f0 tilliti til mismunandi hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttar \u00feeirra. \u00deetta er \u00ed raun gert me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umreikna magn gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundanna CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;O, HFC, PFC, SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;\/sub&gt; og NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt; \u00ed samsvarandi magn kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;) \u00fat fr\u00e1 hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e6tti \u00feeirra.\">kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s\u00edgilda<\/span> (CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00edg), a\u00f0 teknu tilliti til mismunandi hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttar lofttegundanna. \u00deegar losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda er borin saman milli landa er yfirleitt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 losun \u00e1n LULUCF (sj\u00e1 ne\u00f0ar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Samf\u00e9lagslosun (non-ETS emissions):<\/strong> Losun fr\u00e1 heimilum, \u00fej\u00f3nustu, sm\u00e1i\u00f0na\u00f0i, samg\u00f6ngum, sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegi, landb\u00fana\u00f0i og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fargangs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IPCC, UNFCCC, Par\u00edsarsamningurinn, landsframl\u00f6g, landsb\u00f3khald og LULUCF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-in-data-column-and-sticky\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"805\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/isbirna3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/isbirna3.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/isbirna3-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/isbirna3-768x618.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change):<\/strong> Millir\u00edkjanefnd um loftslagsbreytingar (IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) var stofnu\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1988 af Umhverfisstofnun Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ave\u00f0urfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnuninni. Nefndinni var fali\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka saman uppl\u00fdsingar um v\u00edsindi, t\u00e6kni, f\u00e9lagslega \u00fe\u00e6tti og efnahagslega \u00fe\u00e6tti loftslagsbreytinga og mi\u00f0la \u00feeim til \u00feeirra sem fara me\u00f0 stefnum\u00f3tun \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum (r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir, al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnanir). Fyrsta sk\u00fdrsla nefndarinnar kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1990 og s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur nefndin gefi\u00f0 \u00fat vi\u00f0amiklar matssk\u00fdrslur \u00e1 u.\u00fe.b. sex \u00e1ra fresti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vinnuh\u00f3pur 1 fjallar um v\u00edsindalega \u00feekkingu \u00e1 loftslagsbreytingum og ve\u00f0urfari.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vinnuh\u00f3pur 2 fjallar um aflei\u00f0ingar loftslagsbreytinga \u00e1 umhverfi, samf\u00e9l\u00f6g og efnahag, auk m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 a\u00f0l\u00f6gun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vinnuh\u00f3pur 3 fjallar um hva\u00f0a lei\u00f0ir eru f\u00e6rar til a\u00f0 draga \u00far gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifum og aflei\u00f0ingum \u00feeirra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hver matssk\u00fdrsla kemur \u00fat \u00ed fj\u00f3rum hlutum, einum hluta fr\u00e1 hverjum af vinnuh\u00f3punum \u00feremur, auk samantektarsk\u00fdrslu. Millir\u00edkjanefndin hefur einnig gefi\u00f0 \u00fat s\u00e9rstakar sk\u00fdrslur um afm\u00f6rku\u00f0 m\u00e1lefni og m\u00e1 \u00fear t.a.m. nefna sk\u00fdrslu sem kom \u00fat 2018 um samanbur\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1hrifum h\u00e6kkunar hitastigs um 1,5\u00b0C og 2\u00b0C. S\u00e9rstakur <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"TFI: Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.\">vinnuh\u00f3pur<\/span>&nbsp; gefur &nbsp;\u00fat <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories\">lei\u00f0beiningar<\/span> um losunarb\u00f3khald.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<\/strong>)<strong>:<\/strong> Rammasamningur Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (S\u00de) um loftslagsbreytingar, oftast nefndur loftslagssamningurinn. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt samstarf \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum byggir \u00e1 loftslagssamningnum og me\u00f0 honum var skapa\u00f0ur vettvangur fyrir frekari al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur. Samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur um Kyoto-b\u00f3kunina og Par\u00edsarsamninginn f\u00f3ru \u00feannig fram \u00e1 vettvangi samningsins. \u00de\u00e1 var uppl\u00fdsingagj\u00f6f r\u00edkja til skrifstofu samningsins formfest me\u00f0 loftslagssamningnum, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. losunarb\u00f3khald og reglulegar sk\u00fdrslur um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. \u00deessi uppl\u00fdsingagj\u00f6f gegnir gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samstarfi r\u00edkja um loftslagsm\u00e1l. Loftslagssamningurinn hefur fr\u00e1 upphafi noti\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6ks stu\u00f0nings r\u00edkja heims. N\u00e1nast \u00f6ll r\u00edki heims, auk Evr\u00f3pusambandsins, eru n\u00fa a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 samningnum. \u00cdsland fullgilti loftslagssamninginn 16. j\u00fan\u00ed 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Par\u00edsarsamningurinn (Paris agreement): <\/strong>Par\u00edsarsamningurinn um loftslagsm\u00e1l var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1 21. a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja\u00feingi loftslagssamningsins \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015 og gekk hann \u00ed&nbsp;gildi&nbsp;4. n\u00f3vember 2016, innan vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0 hann var sam\u00feykktur. Samningurinn felur \u00ed s\u00e9r n\u00fdja n\u00e1lgun, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 vera me\u00f0 lagalega bindandi skuldbindingar \u00ed formi magntakmarkana \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda setja&nbsp;a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin&nbsp;s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lf markmi\u00f0 um a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skila svonefndu&nbsp;<strong>landsframlagi<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>(nationally determined contributions (NDCs))<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00e1 skrifstofu loftslagssamningsins. \u00cd landsframlaginu koma fram \u00feau markmi\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki setur s\u00e9r var\u00f0andi samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. \u00c1 5 \u00e1ra fresti eiga r\u00edki a\u00f0 senda inn n\u00fd landsframl\u00f6g, sem skulu fela \u00ed s\u00e9r metna\u00f0arfyllri markmi\u00f0 en fyrri framl\u00f6g. R\u00edkjum ber a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til m\u00f3tv\u00e6gisa\u00f0ger\u00f0a innanlands \u00ed \u00feeim tilgangi a\u00f0 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0um s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Losunarb\u00f3khald (Emission Inventory): <\/strong>B\u00f3khald yfir losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og bindingu kolefnis \u00far andr\u00famslofti unni\u00f0 eftir lei\u00f0beiningum IPCC \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar skuldbindingar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Landsb\u00f3khald (National Emission Inventory):<\/strong> \u00cdsland skilar \u00e1rlega uppl\u00fdsingum um losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda til skrifstofu loftslagssamningsins. \u00cd skilunum er losun skipt \u00ed 5 flokka: orku, efnanotkun og efnaferla \u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0i, landb\u00fana\u00f0, \u00fargang og LULUCF (sj\u00e1 ne\u00f0ar). Skil \u00cdslands til loftslagssamningsins samanstanda annars vegar af fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum t\u00f6flum sem skila\u00f0 er \u00e1 excel-formi og nefnast <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1\u00f0ur voru t\u00f6flurnar kalla\u00f0ar CRF (Common Reporting Format).\">CRT<\/span> (Common Reporting Tables) og hins vegar af skriflegri sk\u00fdrslu \u2013 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1\u00f0ur var sk\u00fdrslan k\u00f6llu\u00f0 NIR (National Inventory Report).\">NID<\/span> (National Inventory Document) \u2013 \u00fear sem a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fatreikninga og helstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um er l\u00fdst. Losun \u00e1n LULUCF er losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 reikna inn landnotkunar\u00fe\u00e1ttinn, en sl\u00edk framsetning er algengust \u00feegar veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 bera saman losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda milli landa og \u00e1kvar\u00f0a skuldbindingar r\u00edkja. Losun vegna millilandaflugs og millilandasiglinga er ekki heldur inni \u00ed skuldbindingum r\u00edkja. Sl\u00edk losun er reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 s\u00f6lu eldsneytis til vi\u00f0komandi greina \u00ed hverju landi og gefin upp en ekki reiknu\u00f0 inn \u00ed heildarlosun hvers r\u00edkis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry):<\/strong> Landnotkun, breytt landnotkun og sk\u00f3gr\u00e6kt. \u00deegar losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda er gefin upp og borin saman \u00e1 milli landa er yfirleitt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 losun \u00e1n LULUCF. \u00deetta er annars vegar vegna v\u00edsindalegrar \u00f3vissu (sem \u00fe\u00f3 fer minnkandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem ranns\u00f3knum fer fj\u00f6lgandi) var\u00f0andi mat \u00e1 losun og bindingu vegna landnotkunar og hins vegar vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 erfitt getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 milli mannger\u00f0rar og n\u00e1tt\u00farulegrar losunar. Lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 LULUCF er mikilv\u00e6gur \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed losun og bindingu gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda. \u00c1 heimsv\u00edsu er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 rekja megi 9-11% allrar losunar til LULUCF. \u00deessi \u00fe\u00e1ttur er enn mikilv\u00e6gari \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Me\u00f0 markvissum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um \u00e1 svi\u00f0i LULUCF er \u00ed m\u00f6rgum tilvikum h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 draga verulega \u00far losun fr\u00e1 landi og auka bindingu og ver\u00f0a sl\u00edkar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir nau\u00f0synlegar til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 fram&nbsp;<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kolefnishlutleysi v\u00edsar til \u00feess a\u00f0 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og binding kolefnis s\u00e9 \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 losun kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s og annarra gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda s\u00e9 ekki meiri en \u00fea\u00f0 magn kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s sem fjarl\u00e6gt er \u00far andr\u00famsloftinu, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 binda \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed jar\u00f0vegi e\u00f0a gr\u00f3\u00f0ri e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti (m.a. me\u00f0 geymslu og bindingu \u00ed j\u00f6r\u00f0u). Kolefnishlutleysi m\u00e1 hugsanlega einnig n\u00e1 me\u00f0 fj\u00e1rm\u00f6gnun verkefna sem koma \u00ed veg fyrir losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda annars sta\u00f0ar e\u00f0a me\u00f0 kaupum \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum einingum.\">kolefnishlutleysi<\/span> um e\u00f0a eftir mi\u00f0ja \u00f6ldina eins og stefnt er a\u00f0 skv. Par\u00edsarsamningnum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0, losunarheimildir, Kyoto-einingar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-in-data-column-and-sticky\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/etsogfjarmagnsflaedi-1-1024x546.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/etsogfjarmagnsflaedi-1-1024x546.png 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/etsogfjarmagnsflaedi-1-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/etsogfjarmagnsflaedi-1-768x410.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/etsogfjarmagnsflaedi-1.png 1035w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00datgefnar losunarheimildir eru bo\u00f0nar upp a\u00f0 mestu, en hluta er \u00fathluta\u00f0 endurgjaldslaust til i\u00f0nfyrirt\u00e6kja og flugrekenda (\u00fathlutun til flugrekenda mun leggjast af fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 \u00e1rinu 2026).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Vi\u00f0skiptakerfi ESB me\u00f0 losunarheimildir (ETS: Emission Trading System):<\/strong> Vi\u00f0skiptakerfi ESB me\u00f0 losunarheimildir, ETS, var komi\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t \u00e1ri\u00f0 2005. Kerfi\u00f0 tekur til losunar fr\u00e1 flugrekstri, sj\u00f3flutningum, og sta\u00f0bundinni starfsemi \u00ed orkuframlei\u00f0slu og \u00feungai\u00f0na\u00f0i (s.s. ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0vum, framlei\u00f0slu m\u00e1lma, sements, o.fl.).&nbsp;ETS er svokalla\u00f0 \u201ecap and trade\u201c-kerfi sem \u00e1 \u00edslensku m\u00e6tti kalla a\u00f0 \u201ehamla og h\u00f6ndla\u201c. Sett er&nbsp;\u00feak&nbsp;\u00e1 heildarlosun (\u00feannig er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hamla losun), losunarheimildir gefnar \u00fat \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00feaki\u00f0 og vi\u00f0skipti leyf\u00f0 me\u00f0 losunarheimildirnar (h\u00f6ndla\u00f0).&nbsp;Samhli\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feaki\u00f0 \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00ed kerfinu l\u00e6kkar, f\u00e6kkar losunarheimildum \u00ed umfer\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00e6r ver\u00f0a \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi d\u00fdrari. Ef kostna\u00f0ur fyrirt\u00e6kjanna vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 afla losunarheimilda reynist meiri en kostna\u00f0urinn sem fylgir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun m\u00e1 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6ki sj\u00e1i s\u00e9r hag \u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00ed endurb\u00e6tur e\u00f0a breytingar \u00e1 starfsemi sinni til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun. Vi\u00f0skiptakerfi\u00f0 felur \u00feannig \u00ed s\u00e9r hagr\u00e6na hvata fyrir fyrirt\u00e6ki til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun og er \u00feannig \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fdta undir loftslagsv\u00e6na n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun og t\u00e6kni\u00fer\u00f3un. Kerfi\u00f0 kve\u00f0ur ekki \u00e1 um takm\u00f6rkun losunar einstakra fyrirt\u00e6kja heldur n\u00e6st markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 um samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun me\u00f0al fyrirt\u00e6kja innan kerfisins me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 takmarka heildarfj\u00f6lda og \u00fear me\u00f0 frambo\u00f0 losunarheimilda \u00ed kerfinu. Losun einstakra fyrirt\u00e6kja innan kerfisins getur aukist \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 heildarmarkmi\u00f0 kerfisins n\u00e1ist, svo framarlega sem vi\u00f0komandi fyrirt\u00e6ki ver\u00f0i s\u00e9r \u00fati um n\u00e6gjanlegan fj\u00f6lda losunarheimilda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ETS2: &nbsp;<\/strong>Um \u00feessar mundir er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 innlei\u00f0a n\u00fdtt hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt vi\u00f0skiptakerfi, ETS2, sem n\u00e6r til losunar vegna eldsneytisbrennslu til h\u00fashitunar, \u00ed vegasamg\u00f6ngum, byggingarstarfsemi og i\u00f0na\u00f0i (sem ekki fellur n\u00fa \u00feegar undir ETS). \u00deeir a\u00f0ilar, sem afhenda ol\u00edu til&nbsp; framangreindrar notkunar, hafa \u00feurft a\u00f0 vakta losun fr\u00e1 \u00e1rsbyrjun 2024. \u00c1\u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 uppgj\u00f6r \u00e1 losunarheimildum innan ETS2 hefjist \u00e1ri\u00f0 2027 vegna losunar \u00e1rsins 2026. &nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Losunarheimildir (Emission Allowances):<\/strong> Ein losunarheimild jafngildir heimild til losunar \u00e1 einu tonni af gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundum, m\u00e6lt \u00ed&nbsp;kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s\u00edgildum. Til eru margar mismunandi ger\u00f0ir af losunarheimildum, svo sem Kyoto-einingar (AAU-einingar, RMU-einingar, ERU-einingar, CER-einingar),  EUA-heimildir og AEA-heimildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>EUA-losunarheimildir (EU Allowances):<\/strong> Losunarheimildir innan ETS-kerfisins. Fyrirt\u00e6ki innan kerfisins f\u00e1 hluta losunarheimildanna \u00fathluta\u00f0 endurgjaldslaust eftir \u00e1kve\u00f0num reglum og tekur \u00fathlutunin mi\u00f0 af <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"S\u00f6guleg starfsemi er me\u00f0alframlei\u00f0sla fyrirt\u00e6kis \u00e1 vi\u00f0mi\u00f0unart\u00edmabili sem n\u00e6r yfir tiltekinn \u00e1rafj\u00f6lda. \">s\u00f6gulegri<\/span> starfsemi og <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1rangursvi\u00f0mi\u00f0 (e. benchmark) fyrir \u00e1lframlei\u00f0slu er t.d. 1,514 losunarheimildir \u00e1 hvert framleitt tonn af \u00e1li.\">\u00e1rangursvi\u00f0mi\u00f0um<\/span> sem eru \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00e1rangri \u00feeirra fyrirt\u00e6kja sem best hefur gengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 takmarka losun fr\u00e1 starfsemi sinni. Fj\u00f6ldi \u00fathluta\u00f0ra losunarheimilda er a\u00f0laga\u00f0ur a\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Rekstrara\u00f0ilar skila \u00e1rlega sk\u00fdrslu um starfsemisstig.\">starfsemisstigi<\/span> rekstrara\u00f0ila. \u00deegar losun er meiri en sem nemur \u00fathlutun <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Engum losunarheimildum er \u00fathluta\u00f0 endurgjaldslaust til fyrirt\u00e6kja \u00ed orkuframlei\u00f0slu og \u00feurfa \u00feau \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kaupa allar s\u00ednar losunarheimildir \u00e1 marka\u00f0i.\">endurgjaldslausra<\/span> losunarheimilda \u00feurfa fyrirt\u00e6ki a\u00f0 kaupa heimildir \u00e1 marka\u00f0i. \u00deau \u00feurfa \u00fe\u00e1 sem sagt a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir losun s\u00edna upp a\u00f0 tilteknu marki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AEA-heimildir (Annual Emission Allocation):<\/strong> Heimildir innan kerfisins um <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kerfi\u00f0 um skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar er eitt af \u00feremur meginkerfum ESB til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda.\">skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar<\/span> \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagslosun. R\u00edki ESB, <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Noregur og \u00cdsland taka fullan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed kerfinu fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2021.\">Noregur og \u00cdsland<\/span> f\u00e1 \u00fathluta\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num fj\u00f6lda&nbsp;AEA-heimilda og er \u00fathlutunin fyrir hvert r\u00edki \u00e1kve\u00f0in \u00fat fr\u00e1 hagvexti \u00e1 \u00edb\u00faa og t\u00e6kif\u00e6rum og kostna\u00f0i vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far samf\u00e9lagslosun \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi landi. Fj\u00f6ldi AEA-heimilda minnkar l\u00ednulega \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed t\u00edmabili sem \u00fathlutunin n\u00e6r til. \u00c1 hverju \u00e1ri t\u00edmabilsins 2021-2030 m\u00e1 losun ekki vera meiri en fj\u00f6ldi AEA-heimilda segir til um. R\u00edki hafa \u00fe\u00f3 tiltekinn <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed &lt;em&gt;\u00cdtarefni: Lykilsta\u00f0reyndir var\u00f0andi kerfi um skiptingu \u00e1byrg\u00f0ar og landnotkunarkerfi\u00f0&lt;\/em&gt;.\">sveigjanleika<\/span> til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0um s\u00ednum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kyoto-einingar (Kyoto Units): <\/strong>AAU-, RMU-, ERU- og CER-einingar. Samanlag\u00f0ur fj\u00f6ldi Kyoto-eininga \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera a.m.k. jafn heildarlosun vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edkis \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi skuldbindingat\u00edmabili Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AAU-einingar (AAU: Assigned Amount Units):<\/strong> \u00dathluta\u00f0ar einingar, \u00fe.e. upphaflegur kv\u00f3ti hvers i\u00f0nr\u00edkis innan Kyoto-b\u00f3kunarinnar. AAU-einingar eru lag\u00f0ar inn \u00e1 reikning vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edkis \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu skr\u00e1ningarkerfi (sj\u00e1 ne\u00f0ar). \u00dathlutun AAU-eininga til hvers i\u00f0nr\u00edkis samsvarar \u00fev\u00ed magni gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda sem r\u00edkinu er heimilt a\u00f0 losa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RMU-einingar (RMU: Removal Units):<\/strong> Einingar sem gefnar eru \u00fat vegna kolefnisbindingar me\u00f0 landnotkunara\u00f0ger\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ERU-einingar (ERU: Emission Reduction Units):<\/strong> S\u00e9rstakar Kyoto-einingar sem gefnar eru \u00fat vegna samvinnuverkefna (JI: Joint Implentation), \u00fe.e. loftslagsverkefna sem i\u00f0nr\u00edki standa fyrir \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum i\u00f0nr\u00edkjum. ERU-einingar eru gefnar \u00fat \u00e1 reikning i\u00f0nr\u00edkisins sem fj\u00e1rmagna\u00f0i vi\u00f0komandi verkefni en um lei\u00f0 er \u00f3giltur samsvarandi fj\u00f6lda AAU-eininga \u00ed i\u00f0nr\u00edkinu \u00fear sem verkefni\u00f0 f\u00f3r fram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CER-einingar (CER: Certified Emission Reduction):<\/strong> Einingar sem tengjast loftslagsv\u00e6num \u00fer\u00f3unarverkefnum (CDM: Clean Development Mechanism), \u00fe.e. loftslagsverkefnum sem i\u00f0nr\u00edki standa fyrir \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edkjum. CER-einingar eru gefnar \u00fat af al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum umsj\u00f3nara\u00f0ila sem starfar \u00e1 vegum skrifstofu loftslagssamningsins. CER-einingar eru lag\u00f0ar inn \u00e1 reikninga r\u00edkja \u00ed skr\u00e1ningarkerfinu \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 samning sem liggur vi\u00f0komandi verkefni til grundvallar. Hluti \u00feeirra er \u00fe\u00f3 n\u00fdttur til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna stofnanakerfi sem komi\u00f0 var \u00e1 f\u00f3t vegna loftslagsv\u00e6nna \u00fer\u00f3unarverkefna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Skr\u00e1ningarkerfi (Registry):<\/strong> Skr\u00e1ningarkerfi\u00f0 er vettvangur \u00fear sem r\u00edki, fyrirt\u00e6ki og einstaklingar geta \u00e1tt reikninga sem geyma losunarheimildir. Skr\u00e1ningarkerfi\u00f0 virkar eins og netbanki, en reikningshafar geta millif\u00e6rt losunarheimildir s\u00edn \u00e1 milli \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kaupsamninga og \u00fe\u00e6r reglur sem gilda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kolefnisleki (Carbon Leakage):<\/strong> \u00c1kve\u00f0in starfsemi er talin vi\u00f0kv\u00e6m fyrir kolefnisleka, \u00fe.e. h\u00e6tta er talin \u00e1 a\u00f0 sl\u00edk starfsemi kunni a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00ed\u00feyngjandi kr\u00f6fum um uppgj\u00f6r \u00e1 losunarheimildum me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 flytjast til r\u00edkja \u00fear sem ekki eru ger\u00f0ar samb\u00e6rilegar kr\u00f6fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CORSIA, CORSIA-losunareiningar, CORSIA-eldsneyti <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-in-data-column-and-sticky\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1108\" height=\"831\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/pexels-pixabay-48786.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1072\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/pexels-pixabay-48786.jpg 1108w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/pexels-pixabay-48786-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/pexels-pixabay-48786-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-content\/uploads\/pexels-pixabay-48786-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"CORSIA: Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation.\"><strong>CORSIA<\/strong><\/span><strong>:<\/strong> CORSIA, sem kalla m\u00e6tti \u00e1 \u00edslensku&nbsp;<em>kerfi fyrir kolefnisj\u00f6fnun og losunarsamdr\u00e1tt \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aflugi<\/em>,&nbsp;er hagr\u00e6nt stj\u00f3rnt\u00e6ki \u00e1 vegum Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aflugm\u00e1lastofnunar (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"International Civil Aviation Organization\">ICAO<\/span>). Kerfinu er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 v\u00f6xtur \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0aflugi ver\u00f0i kolefnishlutlaus fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 \u00e1rinu 2021, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 nett\u00f3losun fr\u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu flugi haldist \u00f3breytt til framt\u00ed\u00f0ar mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 losun \u00e1rsins <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Upphaflega st\u00f3\u00f0 til a\u00f0 losun til framt\u00ed\u00f0ar myndi haldast \u00f3breytt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 me\u00f0altalslosun \u00e1ranna 2019 og 2020. Vegna \u00e1hrifa heimsfaraldurs af v\u00f6ldum covid19 \u00e1 flugstarfsemi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2020, ver\u00f0ur hins vegar einungis mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019.\">2019<\/span>. Til \u00e1rsins 2023 ver\u00f0ur grunnl\u00edna losunar, sem kolefnishlutlaus v\u00f6xtur mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0, j\u00f6fn losun fluggeirans \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019. \u00c1 \u00e1rabilinu 2024 til 2035 ver\u00f0ur grunnl\u00ednan hins vegar 85% af losun fluggeirans \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019. CORSIA tekur til flugs milli r\u00edkja sem taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed kerfinu. \u00de\u00e1tttaka \u00ed kerfinu er valfrj\u00e1ls til \u00e1rsins 2027 og hafa fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg r\u00edki tilkynnt \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku s\u00edna \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili. Fr\u00e1 2027 til 2035 ver\u00f0ur hins vegar meginreglan s\u00fa a\u00f0&nbsp;<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Minnst \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0 r\u00edki (least developed countries), sm\u00e1eyja\u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edki (small island developing states) og landlukt \u00fer\u00f3unarr\u00edki (landlocked developing countries) eru \u00fe\u00f3 undanskilin nema \u00feau kj\u00f3si a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt.\">\u00f6llum<\/span> r\u00edkjum ver\u00f0ur skylt a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed kerfinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CORSIA-losunareiningar:<\/strong> \u00c1ri\u00f0 2024 munu flugf\u00e9l\u00f6g gera upp s\u00edna hlutdeild \u00ed losun fluggeirans \u00e1rin 2021-2023 umfram grunnl\u00ednu me\u00f0 kaupum og innskilum \u00e1 CORSIA-losunareiningum (CORSIA eligible emission units), losunareiningum sem uppfylla tiltekin vi\u00f0mi\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CORSIA-eldsneyti<\/strong>: Flugrekendum er heimilt a\u00f0 draga \u00far kr\u00f6fum til kolefnisj\u00f6fnunar me\u00f0 notkun \u00e1 CORSIA-eldsneyti (CORSIA eligible fuels), \u00fe.e. sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ru flugeldsneyti e\u00f0a l\u00e1gkolefnaflugeldsneyti sem uppfyllir settar kr\u00f6fur og hefur hloti\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6rnivottun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif, gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir og hl\u00fdnunarm\u00e1ttur Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif (Greenhouse effect): Lofthj\u00fap jar\u00f0ar m\u00e1 l\u00edkja vi\u00f0 gler \u00ed gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasi. Hann hleypir grei\u00f0lega \u00ed gegnum sig \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1rri og s\u00fdnilegri s\u00f3largeislun (stuttbylgjugeislun) en heldur inni hluta varmageislunarinnar (langbylgjugeislun) sem berst fr\u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0i jar\u00f0ar. \u00deannig dregur lofthj\u00fapurinn \u00far varmatapi fr\u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u00deessi \u00e1hrif lofthj\u00fapsins \u00e1 hitastig og loftslag \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni eru nefnd [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":[],"categories":[7],"class_list":["post-119","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","category-hugtok-og-ordskyringar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/loftslagsmal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}