{"id":1638,"date":"2017-10-01T03:00:33","date_gmt":"2017-10-01T03:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=1638"},"modified":"2024-10-23T11:44:01","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T11:44:01","slug":"5-3-mengun-af-voldum-thungmalma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-3-mengun-af-voldum-thungmalma\/","title":{"rendered":"5.3 Mengun af v\u00f6ldum \u00feungm\u00e1lma"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00deungm\u00e1lmar eru m\u00e1lmar me\u00f0 meiri e\u00f0lis\u00feyngd en <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Eins og vi\u00f0 munum \u00fe\u00e1 hefur vatn e\u00f0lis\u00feyngdina (r\u00e9ttara er a\u00f0 tala um e\u00f0lismassa) 1 kg\/l.\">5 kg\/l<\/span>. H\u00e9r er um \u00fdmsa m\u00e1lma a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Sumir \u00feungm\u00e1lmar, eins og t.d. j\u00e1rn, kopar og zink, eru nau\u00f0synlegir l\u00edfi \u00ed l\u00e1gum styrk og ef of l\u00edti\u00f0 er af \u00feeim koma fram skortseinkenni. \u00deessir m\u00e1lmar eru hins vegar oft eitra\u00f0ir \u00ed of miklu magni. A\u00f0rir m\u00e1lmar eins og kadm\u00edum, bl\u00fd, kvikasilfur og <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Arsen er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed jar\u00f0skorpunni og berst \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ve\u00f0run, rof og eldvirkni. Arsen hefur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0i, b\u00e6\u00f0i sem pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ir og vi\u00f0arv\u00f6rn. Pl\u00f6ntur taka upp arsen, s\u00e9rstaklega hr\u00edsgrj\u00f3naplantan. \u00d3l\u00edfr\u00e6nt arsen er mj\u00f6g eitra\u00f0 og hefur veri\u00f0 tengt vi\u00f0 krabbamein, hjartasj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, sykurs\u00fdki og a\u00f0ra alvarlega heilsukvilla.\">arsen<\/span> hafa enga j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a virkni og eru eitra\u00f0ir jafnvel \u00ed litlu magni.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1837\" style=\"width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1837\" class=\"wp-image-1837 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar-768x242.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.4-Thungmalmar-1024x323.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1837\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 5.4. Vinstra megin: Bl\u00fdb\u00e6tt bens\u00edn var nota\u00f0 til \u00e1rsins 1996 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. \u00c1 \u00feeim t\u00edma f\u00f3r miki\u00f0 magn bl\u00fds \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0. H\u00e6gra megin: Sumar rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur innihalda \u00feungm\u00e1lma (t.d. kadm\u00edum og kvikasilfur).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00deungm\u00e1lmar eru af n\u00e1tt\u00farulegum uppruna. \u00deeir eru frumefni sem hvorki myndast n\u00e9 ey\u00f0ast. \u00deungm\u00e1lmar finnast \u00ed bergi og einnig \u00ed <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Mj\u00f6g litlu magni.\">snefilmagni<\/span> \u00ed sj\u00f3num, lofthj\u00fapnum, jar\u00f0vegi og l\u00edfr\u00edki. M\u00e1lmarnir berast \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegan h\u00e1tt t.d. vi\u00f0 eldgos, ve\u00f0run og rof, en einnig vegna mannlegra athafna s.s. kolabrennslu, i\u00f0na\u00f0ar og \u00fdmiss konar v\u00f6runotkunar. Yfirleitt m\u00e1 rekja meirihluta \u00feungm\u00e1lmamengunar \u00ed umhverfinu til mannlegra athafna. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 losun kvikasilfurs, bl\u00fds og kadm\u00edums af mannav\u00f6ldum hafi fari\u00f0 minnkandi s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1r og \u00e1ratugi, b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna t\u00e6kniframfara og vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 notkun \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00fdmsa framlei\u00f0sluferla og v\u00f6rur hefur veri\u00f0 takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 e\u00f0a b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 alveg, fer styrkur \u00feeirra \u00ed umhverfinu enn v\u00ed\u00f0a vaxandi. \u00deetta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 m\u00e1lmarnir eru \u00fer\u00e1virkir \u00ed umhverfinu, \u00feeir brotna ekki ni\u00f0ur og ef \u00feeir falla ekki \u00fat sem set e\u00f0a flytjast til \u00ed umhverfinu, \u00fe\u00e1 veldur vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar\u00e1koma auknum styrk. Bundnir ryk\u00f6gnum geta \u00feungm\u00e1lmar borist me\u00f0 loftstaumum langar lei\u00f0ir fr\u00e1 uppruna s\u00ednum. Kvikasilfur er rokgjarnt, enda me\u00f0 mun l\u00e6gra br\u00e6\u00f0slu- og su\u00f0umark en a\u00f0rir m\u00e1lmar og getur \u00fev\u00ed borist mj\u00f6g langar lei\u00f0ir me\u00f0 loftstraumum sem gufa. M\u00e1lmarnir ey\u00f0ast ekki \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni en safnast fyrir \u00ed umhverfinu og l\u00edfr\u00edkinu (l\u00edfsafnast). Kvikasilfur getur l\u00edfmagnast \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni og n\u00e1\u00f0 h\u00e1um styrk t.d. \u00ed t\u00fanfiski, l\u00fa\u00f0u og \u00f6\u00f0rum fiskum ofarlega \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni. Styrkurinn getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 enn h\u00e6rri \u00ed fuglum og spend\u00fdrum sem lifa \u00e1 fiskunum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00ed m\u00f6nnum.<\/p>\n<p>Nokkrir \u00fe\u00e6ttir hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 eitur\u00e1hrif \u00feungm\u00e1lma, svo sem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Birtingarform m\u00e1lmsins (frumefni, \u00f3l\u00edfr\u00e6nt m\u00e1lmsamband e\u00f0a l\u00edfr\u00e6nt m\u00e1lmsamband).<\/li>\n<li>Magn m\u00e1lmsins.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00edmalengd <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00datsetning: \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera \u00fatsettur fyrir einhverju, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 komast \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0, t.d. mengun.\">\u00fatsetningar<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Innt\u00f6kulei\u00f0 (inn\u00f6ndun, inntaka me\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0u og drykk, upptaka \u00ed gegnum h\u00fa\u00f0).<\/li>\n<li>Aldur \u00feess sem ver\u00f0ur fyrir mengun (f\u00f3stur eru vi\u00f0kv\u00e6must).<\/li>\n<li>Heilsa \u00feess sem ver\u00f0ur fyrir mengun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c1hrifin af \u00feungm\u00e1lmaeitrun geta veri\u00f0 skyndileg (br\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1hrif) e\u00f0a komi\u00f0 fram \u00e1 l\u00f6ngum t\u00edma (langvinn \u00e1hrif). Almennt gildir a\u00f0 \u00e1hrif koma hra\u00f0ar fram og \u00fer\u00f3ast hra\u00f0ar eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem skammtarnir eru st\u00e6rri. H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ferj\u00e1 \u00feungm\u00e1lma sem hafa enga j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a virkni og eru eitra\u00f0ir jafnvel \u00ed litlu magni, \u00fe.e. kvikasilfur, bl\u00fd og kadm\u00edum.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"arrow-pg\"><\/span>Kvikasilfur: <\/strong>Kvikasilfur (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00c1 lat\u00ednu Hydrargyrum e\u00f0a v\u00f6kvakennt silfur.\">Hg<\/span>) er silfurlitur m\u00e1lmur. <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hg.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2123\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hg-300x173.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hg-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hg-768x442.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hg-1024x589.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/a> Br\u00e6\u00f0slumark kvikasilfurs er -39\u00b0C, su\u00f0umarki\u00f0 357\u00b0C og e\u00f0lis\u00feyngdin 14,2 kg\/l. Kvikasilfur er mj\u00f6g \u00f3venjulegur m\u00e1lmur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 hann er flj\u00f3tandi vi\u00f0 stofuhita. Einungis eitt anna\u00f0 frumefni, br\u00f3m, er \u00ed v\u00f6kvaformi vi\u00f0 stofuhita.\u00a0Kvikasilfur er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed jar\u00f0skorpunni, \u00ed jar\u00f0<span style=\"font-size: 1.5rem;\">v<\/span>egi, bergi, vatni og andr\u00famslofti. \u00dea\u00f0 kemur fyrir sem frumefni\u00f0 kvikasilfur, \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edfr\u00e6num efnasamb\u00f6ndum (t.d. kvikasilfurs\u00falf\u00ed\u00f0, HgS) og l\u00edfr\u00e6num efnasamb\u00f6ndum (t.d. met\u00fdlkvikasilfur, CH<sub>3<\/sub>Hg). Kvikasilfur er og hefur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed i\u00f0na\u00f0i (t.d. papp\u00edrsi\u00f0na\u00f0i, <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd kl\u00f3ralkal\u00edverksmi\u00f0jum er NaCl rafgreint og framleiddur kl\u00f3r og v\u00edtiss\u00f3di (NaOH) til \u00fdmissa nota.\">kl\u00f3ralkal\u00edverksmi\u00f0jum<\/span>, vi\u00f0 framlei\u00f0slu pl\u00e1guey\u00f0a og <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"PVC er p\u00f3l\u00fdv\u00edn\u00fdlkl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0 sem er plasttegund.\">PVC<\/span>-framlei\u00f0slu). Kvikasilfur er nota\u00f0 \u00ed rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur og fl\u00farlj\u00f3saperur og var nota\u00f0 \u00ed hitam\u00e6la. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur einnig veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed margs konar lyf og tannfyllingar (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Amalgam er blanda af silfri og kvikasilfri.\">amalgam<\/span>). Dregi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00far notkun kvikasilfurs vegna \u00feess hve eitra\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er.<\/p>\n<p>Kvikasilfur berst \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vegna n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ferla (rof, ve\u00f0run, eldvirkni) og vegna athafna mannsins. \u00deegar kol eru brennd losnar kvikasilfur \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0. Kvikasilfur berst l\u00edka \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vegna n\u00e1muvinnslu, i\u00f0na\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu og notkunar \u00e1 v\u00f6rum sem innihalda kvikasilfur (rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur, pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ar). Einnig berst \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed sj\u00f3, \u00e1r og v\u00f6tn me\u00f0 i\u00f0na\u00f0ar\u00fargangi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dear sem kvikasilfur er rokgjarnt heg\u00f0ar \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi en a\u00f0rir m\u00e1lmar. Kvikasilfur sem berst \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 getur borist langar lei\u00f0ir me\u00f0 loftstraumum (me\u00f0 flutningsm\u00e1ta sem kenndur er vi\u00f0 hnatteimingu, sj\u00e1 kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-4-mengun-af-voldum-manngerdra-efna-ser-i-lagi-thravirkra-lifraenna-efna\/\">5.4<\/a>). A\u00f0 lokum fellur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00far andr\u00famslofti og berst \u00ed sj\u00f3 e\u00f0a \u00e1 land, en af landi getur kvikasilfri skola\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed \u00e1rvatn, st\u00f6\u00f0uv\u00f6tn og\/e\u00f0a \u00fat \u00ed sj\u00f3. \u00dear geta \u00f6rverur umbreytt kvikasilfrinu \u00ed met\u00fdlkvikasilfur sem safnast fyrir \u00ed l\u00edfr\u00edkinu, \u00ed fiskum, skelfiski og d\u00fdrum sem \u00e9ta fisk.<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">Minamata-veikin: \u00c1ri\u00f0 1956 veiktust nokkrir \u00edb\u00faar \u00ed fiskvei\u00f0i\u00feorpinu Minamata \u00ed Japan af dularfullri veiki. \u00deeir sem veiktust \u00e1ttu \u00ed erfi\u00f0leikum me\u00f0 f\u00ednhreyfingar, skulfu og hristust, gl\u00edmdu vi\u00f0 v\u00f6\u00f0vam\u00e1ttleysi, s\u00e1u og heyr\u00f0u verr og \u00e1ttu \u00ed erfi\u00f0leikum me\u00f0 a\u00f0 tala. \u00cd verstu tilfellum var\u00f0 f\u00f3lk ge\u00f0veikt, lama\u00f0ist og d\u00f3 innan nokkurra vikna fr\u00e1 fyrstu einkennum. \u00cd fyrstu var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 um smitsj\u00fakd\u00f3m v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og voru sj\u00faklingar settir \u00ed einangrun til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir frekara smit. S\u00ed\u00f0ar kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 \u00edb\u00faar h\u00f6f\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir met\u00fdlkvikasilfurseitrun. Efnaverksmi\u00f0ja Chisso, sem sta\u00f0sett var vi\u00f0 Minamata-fl\u00f3ann, haf\u00f0i \u00e1rum saman losa\u00f0 kvikasilfursmenga\u00f0 fr\u00e1veituvatn \u00fat \u00ed fl\u00f3ann. Met\u00fdlkvikasilfri\u00f0 l\u00edfsafna\u00f0ist og l\u00edfmagna\u00f0ist \u00ed fiski og skelfiski \u00ed fl\u00f3anum og leiddi til kvikasilfureitrunar hj\u00e1 \u00edb\u00faunum sem neyttu sj\u00e1varfangsins.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kvikasilfur er taugaeitur. \u00c1hrif af kvikasilfurseitrun eru breytileg eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvers konar kvikasilfur er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a (frumefni\u00f0, \u00f3l\u00edfr\u00e6n samb\u00f6nd e\u00f0a l\u00edfr\u00e6n samb\u00f6nd), en \u00f6ll formin eru eitru\u00f0 \u00ed tilteknum sk\u00f6mmtum. Sum einkenni kvikasilfurseitrunar eru \u00feau s\u00f6mu fyrir \u00f6ll formin en \u00f6nnur fylgja a\u00f0eins tilteknu formi. Kvikasilfursgufa og l\u00edfr\u00e6na efnasambandi\u00f0 met\u00fdlkvikasilfur eru d\u00e6mi um mj\u00f6g eitru\u00f0 form.<\/p>\n<p>Kvikasilfur kemst \u00ed l\u00edkamann vi\u00f0 inn\u00f6ndun, um munn e\u00f0a \u00ed gegnum h\u00fa\u00f0ina. Algengasta eitrunarlei\u00f0 kvikasilfurs er um munn (inntaka me\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0u) og \u00fe\u00e1 sem met\u00fdlkvikasilfur. Sl\u00edk eitrun lei\u00f0ir af s\u00e9r taugatruflanir (t.d. skapsveiflur, taugaveiklun, v\u00f6\u00f0vakippi og skj\u00e1lfta), skerta \u00feroskun taugakerfisins, einkum \u00e1 f\u00f3sturskei\u00f0i, og minnka\u00f0a vitsmuni. \u00c1 f\u00f3sturskei\u00f0i er heilinn mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mur fyrir met\u00fdlkvikasilfri og \u00fdmsar truflanir geta komi\u00f0 fram hj\u00e1 afkv\u00e6mi, eins og skert geta til a\u00f0 hugsa og einbeita s\u00e9r, skert minni og hreyfigeta, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt engin e\u00f0a l\u00edtil \u00e1hrif komi fram hj\u00e1 m\u00f3\u00f0urinni. \u00d3l\u00edfr\u00e6n kvikasilfurss\u00f6lt, eins og er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed rafhl\u00f6\u00f0um, valda oftast eitrun \u00ed gegnum h\u00fa\u00f0ina og geta leyst upp vefi. Eitrunin kemur \u00fe\u00e1 oftast fram sem \u00fatbrot og b\u00f3lgur \u00ed h\u00fa\u00f0. Kvikasilfur sem berst \u00ed l\u00edkamann me\u00f0 inn\u00f6ndun safnast fyrir \u00ed m\u00e6nunni. Kvikasilfur sem hefur veri\u00f0 teki\u00f0 upp \u00ed\u00a0meltingarveginum\u00a0getur borist til annarra l\u00edff\u00e6rakerfa og valdi\u00f0 n\u00fdrnaska\u00f0a, v\u00f6\u00f0vaslappleika og andlegum breytingum \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 skapsveiflur e\u00f0a minnistap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2909\" style=\"width: 1163px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2909\" class=\"wp-image-2909 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1153\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif.png 1153w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif-768x313.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/hgcdahrif-1024x417.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1153px) 100vw, 1153px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2909\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 5.5. \u00c1hrifasta\u00f0ir kvikasilfurs (vinstra megin) og kadm\u00edums (h\u00e6gra megin) \u00ed l\u00edkamanum.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong><span class=\"arrow-pg\"><\/span>Kadm\u00edum:<\/strong>\u00a0Kadm\u00edum (Cd) er mj\u00fakur og silfurlitur m\u00e1lmur.<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cd2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2139\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cd2-300x212.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"178\" height=\"126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cd2-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cd2.png 710w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px\" \/><\/a> Br\u00e6\u00f0slumark kadm\u00edums er 321\u00b0C, su\u00f0umarki\u00f0 er 767\u00b0C og e\u00f0lis\u00feyngdin er 8,7 kg\/l. Kadm\u00edum finnst \u00ed litlu magni \u00ed bergi, b\u00e6\u00f0i sem hreinn m\u00e1lmur en mun oftar bundi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum efnum, t.d. sem kadm\u00edumox\u00ed\u00f0 (CdO), kadm\u00edumkl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0 (CdCl<sub>2<\/sub>) og kadm\u00edums\u00falf\u00ed\u00f0 (CdS). Kadm\u00edum hefur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur, rafeindab\u00fana\u00f0 og plast, sem pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ir og til a\u00f0 b\u00faa til litarefni. \u00de\u00e1 er kadm\u00edum einnig a\u00f0 finna sem \u00f3hreinindi \u00ed tilb\u00fanum fosf\u00f3r\u00e1bur\u00f0i, \u00fear sem kadm\u00edum kemur fyrir n\u00e1tt\u00farulega \u00ed fosfatbergi. Dregi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00far notkun kadm\u00edums vegna \u00feess hve eitra\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er. N\u00fdlega var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota kadm\u00edum til a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a nan\u00f3agnir sem nota\u00f0ar eru \u00ed <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd s\u00f3larskj\u00f6ldum er lj\u00f3si fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni umbreytt \u00ed rafmagn.\">s\u00f3larskildi <\/span>. Kadm\u00edum kemst \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vegna n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ferla (rof, ve\u00f0run, eldvirkni) og vegna athafna mannsins. Oftast m\u00e1 rekja auki\u00f0 kadm\u00edum \u00ed umhverfinu til athafna mannsins, s.s. n\u00e1muvinnslu, kolabrennslu, i\u00f0na\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu (s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi zinkframlei\u00f0slu) og notkunar \u00e1 v\u00f6rum sem innihalda kadm\u00edum (rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur, pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ar, tilb\u00fainn \u00e1bur\u00f0ur o.fl.).<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">Itai-itai: \u00c1ri\u00f0 1912 olli n\u00e1muvinnsla \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0inu Toyama \u00ed Japan \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1rvatn menga\u00f0ist af kadm\u00edum, en f\u00f3lk \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu haf\u00f0i nota\u00f0 \u00e1rvatni\u00f0 til a\u00f0 v\u00f6kva hr\u00edsgrj\u00f3naakra. Hr\u00edsgrj\u00f3nin t\u00f3ku upp kadm\u00edum \u00far jar\u00f0veginum og f\u00f3lk \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu var \u00fev\u00ed \u00fatsett fyrir miklu magni af kadm\u00edum sem safna\u00f0ist fyrir \u00ed l\u00edkama \u00feeirra. Aflei\u00f0ingarnar voru einkenni sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0 voru Itai-Itai-sj\u00fakd\u00f3murinn (\u201eitai, itai\u201c \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201e\u00feetta er vont, \u00feetta er vont\u201c). \u00deeir sem ur\u00f0u fyrir eitruninni li\u00f0u miklar kvalir \u00fear sem bein \u00feeirra ur\u00f0u veikari og brotnu\u00f0u. Auk \u00feess \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbin af n\u00fdrnabilun.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>Kadm\u00edum hefur sem fyrr segir ekkert \u00feekkt hlutverk \u00ed l\u00edfverum og getur veri\u00f0 ska\u00f0legt \u00ed litlu magni. Br\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1hrif, \u00fe.e. \u00feegar l\u00edfverur komast \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 miki\u00f0 magn eiturs \u00ed stuttan t\u00edma, valda aukinni d\u00e1nart\u00ed\u00f0ni hj\u00e1 vatnal\u00edfverum. Langvinn \u00e1hrif, \u00fe.e. \u00feegar l\u00edfverur komast \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 magn eiturs \u00ed langan t\u00edma, hafa neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vaxtarhra\u00f0a, \u00e6xlun, \u00f3n\u00e6mis- og innkirtlakerfi, \u00feroska og heg\u00f0un vatnal\u00edfvera. \u00cd m\u00f6nnum getur inntaka \u00e1 kadm\u00edum \u00ed miklum styrk me\u00f0 mat og drykk valdi\u00f0 \u00f3notum \u00ed maga. Inn\u00f6ndun \u00e1 kadm\u00edum \u00ed miklum styrk ska\u00f0ar lungun og getur valdi\u00f0 dau\u00f0a. Langvinn \u00e1hrif kadm\u00edums vegna inn\u00f6ndunar e\u00f0a innt\u00f6ku me\u00f0 mat og drykk geta valdi\u00f0 n\u00fdrnaska\u00f0a, lungnaska\u00f0a og dregi\u00f0 \u00far styrk beina.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"arrow-pg\"><\/span>Bl\u00fd:\u00a0<\/strong>Bl\u00fd (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Bl\u00fd kallast plumbum \u00e1 lat\u00ednu. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir p\u00edpulagnir \u00e1 ensku \u201eplumbing\u201c er einmitt dregi\u00f0 af \u00feessu latneska heiti, enda notu\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar bl\u00fd \u00ed vatnslei\u00f0slur s\u00ednar.\">Pb<\/span>) er mj\u00fakur og silfurgr\u00e1r m\u00e1lmur. <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/A_piece_of_lead_bright.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2139\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/A_piece_of_lead_bright-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"170\" \/><\/a> Br\u00e6\u00f0slumark bl\u00fds er 328\u00b0C, su\u00f0umark \u00feess er 1740\u00b0C og e\u00f0lis\u00feyngdin er 11,35 kg\/l.\u00a0Bl\u00fd finnst \u00ed litlu magni \u00ed bergi, b\u00e6\u00f0i sem hreinn m\u00e1lmur en mun oftar bundi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum efnum, t.d sem bl\u00fds\u00falf\u00ed\u00f0 (PbS). Bl\u00fd hefur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed lagnir, sem pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ir, litarefni \u00ed m\u00e1lningu, \u00ed rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur og rafgeyma og s\u00ed\u00f0ast en ekki s\u00edst sem \u00edbl\u00f6ndunarefni \u00ed bens\u00edn. Ma\u00f0urinn hefur nota\u00f0 bl\u00fd mj\u00f6g lengi, l\u00edklega \u00ed meira en 6.000 \u00e1r. \u00ddmsir eiginleikar bl\u00fds hafa \u00fdtt undir mikla notkun \u00feess \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0gengilegt og frekar au\u00f0vinnanlegt, \u00feolir ve\u00f0run og t\u00e6ringu nokku\u00f0 vel, endist vel sem litarefni og er \u00f3d\u00fdrt.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00f3mverjar notu\u00f0u bl\u00fd \u00ed miklu magni og \u00ed alls kyns tilgangi. Tug\u00fe\u00fasundir \u00fer\u00e6la unnu bl\u00fdi\u00f0 \u00far n\u00e1mum, m.a. \u00e1 Sp\u00e1ni og Grikklandi. Vi\u00f0 vinnsluna \u00e1 \u00feessum st\u00f6\u00f0um komust bl\u00fdagnir \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 og b\u00e1rust me\u00f0 loftstraumum til fjarl\u00e6gra sta\u00f0a. Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 v\u00edsbendingar um s\u00f6gu bl\u00fdframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heiminum \u00ed borkj\u00f6rnum \u00far Gr\u00e6nlandsj\u00f6kli. Bl\u00fdi\u00f0 notu\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar \u00ed bor\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0, vatnslagnir, f\u00f6r\u00f0unarv\u00f6rur, skartgripi og \u00edl\u00e1t undir v\u00edn. \u00deeir settu einnig bl\u00fd \u00fat \u00ed v\u00edni\u00f0 til a\u00f0 d\u00fdpka litinn \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed og gera \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e6tara. Og til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 v\u00edni\u00f0 breyttist \u00ed edik \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 var flutt langar lei\u00f0ir um allt heimsveldi\u00f0, notu\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar v\u00ednberja\u00feykkni, sem var einmitt so\u00f0i\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed bl\u00fd\u00edl\u00e1tum. V\u00ednberja\u00feykkni er mj\u00f6g s\u00fart og \u00fev\u00ed t\u00f3k \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed sig miki\u00f0 bl\u00fd \u00far \u00edl\u00e1tunum. \u00cd R\u00f3maveldi var bl\u00fdeitrun sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur r\u00edka f\u00f3lksins. \u00der\u00e6larnir sem unnu \u00ed n\u00e1munum \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust au\u00f0vita\u00f0 einnig af bl\u00fdeitrun en \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var ekki liti\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sem alv\u00f6ru \u00feegna. Sumir v\u00edsindamenn telja a\u00f0 bl\u00fdeitrun hafi \u00e1tt \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed hnignun R\u00f3maveldis.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00f3mverjar stu\u00f0lu\u00f0u \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma a\u00f0 mikilli bl\u00fdmengun. Engin vi\u00f0l\u00edka aukning \u00e1 bl\u00fdi \u00ed umhverfinu \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 fyrr en eftir i\u00f0nbyltingu. \u00c1 20. \u00f6ldinni var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota bl\u00fd \u00ed miklu magni \u00ed m\u00e1lningu, rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur og rafgeyma, \u00ed kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0i og sem <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Tetraet\u00fdlbl\u00fd var b\u00e6tt \u00ed bens\u00edn til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta oktant\u00f6lu \u00feess, en \u00fev\u00ed h\u00e6rri sem oktantalan er, \u00fev\u00ed meiri \u00fej\u00f6ppun \u00feolir bens\u00edn-loft-blanda \u00e1\u00f0ur en kviknar \u00ed henni. \u00deannig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 kvikni of snemma \u00ed hluta bens\u00ednsins.\">\u00edbl\u00f6ndunarefni<\/span> \u00ed bens\u00edn. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hefur veri\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 \u00far notkun bl\u00fds vegna \u00feess hve eitra\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er. Ekki er lengur leyfilegt a\u00f0 bl\u00fdb\u00e6ta bens\u00edn og takmarkanir hafa veri\u00f0 settar \u00e1 leyfilegt magn bl\u00fds \u00ed m\u00e1lningu. Bl\u00fd kemst \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vegna n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ferla (rof, ve\u00f0run, eldvirkni) og vegna athafna mannsins. Oftast m\u00e1 rekja auki\u00f0 bl\u00fd \u00ed umhverfinu til athafna mannsins, s.s. n\u00e1muvinnslu, eldsneytisbrennslu og framlei\u00f0slu og notkunar \u00e1 v\u00f6rum sem innihalda bl\u00fd (rafhl\u00f6\u00f0ur, rafgeymar, m\u00e1lning, pl\u00e1guey\u00f0ar, o.fl.). Brennsla bl\u00fdb\u00e6tts bens\u00edns olli mikilli losun bl\u00fds \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 me\u00f0an notkun \u00feess var leyf\u00f0, en bl\u00fd er einnig a\u00f0 finna \u00ed ol\u00edu og kolum og losnar \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 brennslu \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hafi ekki veri\u00f0 b\u00e6tt \u00fat \u00ed eldsneyti\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega. Sala \u00e1 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Bl\u00fdlaust bens\u00edn er reyndar ekki alveg bl\u00fdlaust, \u00fear sem ol\u00eda og bens\u00edn innihalda nokkurt bl\u00fd (a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki 0,005 g\/l). Magn \u00feess er \u00fe\u00f3 talsvert minni en \u00ed bl\u00fdb\u00e6ttu bens\u00edni (0,15-0,40 g\/l).\">bl\u00fdlausu bens\u00edni<\/span> h\u00f3fst h\u00e9rlendis \u00ed byrjun \u00e1rs 1988 og s\u00f6lu \u00e1 bl\u00fdb\u00e6ttu bens\u00edni var alfari\u00f0 h\u00e6tt \u00ed mars 1996. \u00c1 mynd 5.6. m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 hvernig styrkur bl\u00fds \u00ed andr\u00famslofti \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk, m\u00e6lt \u00ed svifryki, dr\u00f3st saman eftir a\u00f0 sala \u00e1 bl\u00fdlausu bens\u00edni h\u00f3fst.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2822\" style=\"width: 1210px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2822\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2822\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun.png 1200w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun-768x230.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd5.6-Blymengun-1024x307.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2822\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 5.6. Styrkur bl\u00fds \u00ed lofti \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk dr\u00f3st saman eftir a\u00f0 sala \u00e1 bl\u00fdlausu bens\u00edni h\u00f3fst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1988.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bl\u00fd hefur sem fyrr segir ekkert \u00feekkt hlutverk \u00ed l\u00edfverum og getur veri\u00f0 ska\u00f0legt \u00ed litlu magni. Bl\u00fd kemst inn \u00ed l\u00edkamann vi\u00f0 inn\u00f6ndun, um munn e\u00f0a \u00ed gegnum h\u00fa\u00f0ina, en algengasta eitrunarlei\u00f0 bl\u00fds er me\u00f0 f\u00e6\u00f0u. Bl\u00fd hefur alls kyns \u00f3\u00e6skileg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edkamann. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur m.a. \u00e1hrif \u00e1 taugakerfi\u00f0 og veldur heilabilun, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 valda n\u00fdrnaska\u00f0a. Bl\u00fdi\u00f0 kemur \u00ed sta\u00f0 kalks \u00ed beinum og stu\u00f0lar \u00feannig a\u00f0 veikingu \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e1 hermir \u00fea\u00f0 eftir zinki og j\u00e1rni sem frumurnar \u00feurfa. Bl\u00fd gerir \u00fdmis <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Ens\u00edm eru hvatar sem hra\u00f0a efnahv\u00f6rfum \u00ed frumum l\u00edkamans \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 ey\u00f0ast \u00ed hv\u00f6rfunum.\">ens\u00edm<\/span> \u00f3virk, hefur neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 myndun rau\u00f0ra bl\u00f3\u00f0korna og veldur \u00fev\u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0leysi. Bl\u00fd blokkar l\u00edka taugabo\u00f0efni sem eru nau\u00f0synleg fyrir n\u00e1m og minni og veldur \u00feannig greindarsker\u00f0ingu. B\u00f6rn eru s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0kv\u00e6m fyrir mengun af v\u00f6ldum bl\u00fds \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Bl\u00f3\u00f0heila\u00fer\u00f6skuldur er varnarkerfi heilans gagnvart eiturefnum \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a valv\u00edsa h\u00e1lfgegndr\u00e6pa himnu, \u00fe.e. himnu sem hleypir sumum efnum \u00ed gegn en \u00f6\u00f0rum ekki til a\u00f0 verja heilann.\">bl\u00f3\u00f0heila\u00fer\u00f6skuldurinn<\/span> er ekki \u00feroska\u00f0ur. Ung b\u00f6rn og konur \u00e1 barneignaraldi eru vi\u00f0kv\u00e6must fyrir bl\u00fdmengun. B\u00f6rn bor\u00f0a, drekka og anda a\u00f0 s\u00e9r meira magni af lofti \u00e1 hvert kg l\u00edkams\u00feyngdar en fullor\u00f0nir og \u00fdmis heg\u00f0un barna eykur \u00e1h\u00e6ttuna enn frekar. B\u00f6rn setja t.d. allt upp \u00ed munninn \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu aldursskei\u00f0i, eru meira utandyra en fullor\u00f0nir og n\u00e6r j\u00f6r\u00f0inni vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau eru l\u00e6gri \u00ed loftinu. \u00deetta getur valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00f6rnin eru berskjalda\u00f0ri gagnvart bl\u00fdmengun en fullor\u00f0nir. \u00cd b\u00f6rnum og konum \u00e1 barneignaraldri fr\u00e1sogast meira bl\u00fd fr\u00e1 sm\u00e1\u00fe\u00f6rmum en hj\u00e1 k\u00f6rlum og \u00feannig kemst bl\u00fdi\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e1sina. Hj\u00e1 konum \u00e1 barneignaraldri stafar \u00feetta af j\u00e1rn- og\/e\u00f0a kalkskorti og \u00fev\u00ed getur meira bl\u00fd einnig fr\u00e1sogast hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum einstaklingum me\u00f0 sl\u00edk skortseinkenni. \u00cd t\u00f6flu 5.1. m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00e1hrif bl\u00fdmengunar \u00e1 manneskjur \u00e1 mismunandi aldursskei\u00f0um, innt\u00f6kulei\u00f0ina og h\u00e6ttum\u00f6rk bl\u00fds \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<span id=\"tablepress-8-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-8\">Tafla 5.1. \u00c1hrif bl\u00fds \u00e1 mismunandi h\u00f3pa, innt\u00f6kulei\u00f0 og h\u00e6ttum\u00f6rk \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i.<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-8\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-8 table-5k1-lead-effects tbody-has-connected-cells\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-8-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">\u00c1hrif \u00e1<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Innt\u00f6kulei\u00f0<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">\u00c1hrif<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">H\u00e6ttum\u00f6rk \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0i (\u00b5g\/l)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">F\u00f3stur<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Fylgja<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Seinkun \u00e1 tauga\u00feroska<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">L\u00edklega enginn \u00fer\u00f6skuldur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\">Kornab\u00f6rn<\/td><td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-2\">M\u00f3\u00f0urmj\u00f3lk, inn\u00f6ndun<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Gerir \u00f3virk ens\u00edm sem eru nau\u00f0synleg vi\u00f0 bl\u00f3\u00f0myndun<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">30-300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">Seinkun \u00e1 l\u00edkams\u00feroska<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">< 70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"5\" class=\"column-1\">B\u00f6rn<\/td><td rowspan=\"5\" class=\"column-2\">Inn\u00f6ndun, f\u00e6\u00f0uinntaka, fr\u00e1-h\u00f6nd-til-munns-heg\u00f0un<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Minnku\u00f0 taugalei\u00f0ni<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">200-300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">Vitsmunasker\u00f0ing<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">< 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">T\u00f6pu\u00f0 heyrn<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">< 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">Gula<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">Bl\u00f3\u00f0leysi<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">> 200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"4\" class=\"column-1\">Fullor\u00f0nir<\/td><td rowspan=\"4\" class=\"column-2\">Inn\u00f6ndun, f\u00e6\u00f0uinntaka<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Minni virkni ens\u00edma sem eru nau\u00f0synleg vi\u00f0 bl\u00f3\u00f0myndun<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">30-340<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">\u00c1hrif \u00e1 bl\u00f3\u00f0\u00fer\u00fdsting<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">< 20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">Minni virkni n\u00fdrna<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">20-100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-3\">\u00c1hrif \u00e1 s\u00e6\u00f0ist\u00f6lu<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">400-500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-8 from cache -->\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n<h5>Tv\u00f6 d\u00e6mi um bl\u00fdeitrun:<\/h5>\n<p>\u00cd okt\u00f3ber 1924 l\u00e9tust fimm starfsmenn efnaverksmi\u00f0ju Standard Oil \u00ed New Jersey \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. \u00cd verksmi\u00f0junni var veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 framlei\u00f0a tetraet\u00fdlbl\u00fd til a\u00f0 blanda \u00ed bens\u00edn. Fleiri starfsmenn (35 til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar) voru me\u00f0 einkenni mikillar bl\u00fdeitrunar, \u00fe.e. l\u00f6mun, skj\u00e1lfta e\u00f0a ofskynjanir. \u00deeir hreinlega gengu af g\u00f6flunum. Forsvarsmenn fyrirt\u00e6kisins reyndu a\u00f0 kenna starfsm\u00f6nnunum um hvernig f\u00f3r og sta\u00f0h\u00e6f\u00f0u a\u00f0 notkun bl\u00fdb\u00e6tts bens\u00edns v\u00e6ri ekki h\u00e6ttuleg heilsu almennings.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1ri\u00f0 2014 \u00e1kva\u00f0 b\u00e6jarstj\u00f3rnin \u00ed Flint \u00ed Michigan \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta a\u00f0 kaupa neysluvatn af vatnsveitu Detroit og n\u00fdta \u00ed sta\u00f0inn yfirbor\u00f0svatn \u00far \u00e1nni Flint. \u00deetta var gert til a\u00f0 spara \u00ed b\u00e6jarrekstrinum. Stuttu s\u00ed\u00f0ar f\u00f3ru \u00edb\u00faar a\u00f0 kvarta undan \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vatni\u00f0 lykta\u00f0i \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi, smakka\u00f0ist undarlega og liti auk \u00feess \u00f3e\u00f0lilega \u00fat. \u00c1ratugina \u00e1 undan haf\u00f0i \u00f3hreinsa\u00f0 og illa hreinsa\u00f0 fr\u00e1veituvatn fr\u00e1 \u00edb\u00faum og verksmi\u00f0jum, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. b\u00edlaverksmi\u00f0jum, runni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1na. Vatni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1nni var \u00fev\u00ed alls ekki h\u00e6ft sem neysluvatn og innih\u00e9lt m.a. miki\u00f0 af kl\u00f3r sem er mj\u00f6g <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00ddmis efni (svo sem s\u00farefni og kl\u00f3r) geta valdi\u00f0 hra\u00f0ari uppleysingu m\u00e1lma. Sl\u00edk efni eru s\u00f6g\u00f0 vera t\u00e6randi. D\u00e6mi um t\u00e6ringu er \u00feegar j\u00e1rn ry\u00f0gar.\">t\u00e6randi<\/span>. B\u00e6jaryfirv\u00f6ld h\u00f6f\u00f0u auk \u00feess ekki heldur me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 vatni\u00f0 til a\u00f0 varna t\u00e6ringu \u2013 sem \u00feeim bar \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 gera samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum. Vatnslei\u00f0slurnar \u00ed b\u00e6num voru a\u00f0 hluta til \u00far bl\u00fdi og \u00feegar t\u00e6randi vatni\u00f0 var leitt um p\u00edpurnar leystist bl\u00fdi\u00f0 upp. \u00cdb\u00faar drukku \u00fev\u00ed mj\u00f6g bl\u00fdmenga\u00f0 vatn \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar \u00feessarar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ar. L\u00edklegt er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 yfir 100.000 \u00edb\u00faar hafi veri\u00f0 \u00fatsettir fyrir h\u00e1um bl\u00fdstyrk \u00ed vatninu. \u00deegar upp var sta\u00f0i\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00feessi \u201esparna\u00f0ara\u00f0ger\u00f0\u201c valdi\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegum kostna\u00f0i.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2661\" style=\"width: 911px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/pbahrif.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2661\" class=\"wp-image-2661 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/pbahrif.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"901\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/pbahrif.png 901w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/pbahrif-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/pbahrif-768x436.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 901px) 100vw, 901px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2661\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 5.7. \u00c1hrifasta\u00f0ir bl\u00fds \u00ed l\u00edkamanum.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00deungm\u00e1lmar eru m\u00e1lmar me\u00f0 meiri e\u00f0lis\u00feyngd en . H\u00e9r er um \u00fdmsa m\u00e1lma a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Sumir \u00feungm\u00e1lmar, eins og t.d. j\u00e1rn, kopar og zink, eru nau\u00f0synlegir l\u00edfi \u00ed l\u00e1gum styrk og ef of l\u00edti\u00f0 er af \u00feeim koma fram skortseinkenni. <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-3-mengun-af-voldum-thungmalma\/\">Lesa meira&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1749,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5-efnamengun"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1638"}],"version-history":[{"count":127,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4087,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1638\/revisions\/4087"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}