{"id":1687,"date":"2017-10-03T06:00:43","date_gmt":"2017-10-03T06:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=1687"},"modified":"2020-12-30T17:12:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T17:12:26","slug":"6-5-geislavirkni-i-sjonum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/03\/6-5-geislavirkni-i-sjonum\/","title":{"rendered":"6.5 Geislavirkni \u00ed sj\u00f3num"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00deau geislavirku efni sem finnast \u00ed sj\u00f3num eru \u00fdmist n\u00e1tt\u00farleg e\u00f0a af mannav\u00f6ldum. N\u00e1tt\u00farulega geislavirk efni eru tilkomin vegna ve\u00f0runar \u00e1 bergi og vegna geimgeislunar. \u00ddmsar athafnir manna b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed n\u00fat\u00ed\u00f0 og fort\u00ed\u00f0 valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umhverfi sj\u00e1var mengast af geislavirkum efnum. Me\u00f0al \u00feessara athafna m\u00e1 nefna kjarnorkutilraunir, kjarnorkusprengjur, kjarnorkuslys, rekstur kjarnorkuvera og kjarnorkuendurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0va og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 geislavirks \u00fargangs. \u00c1 \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur losu\u00f0u menn sig meira a\u00f0 segja vi\u00f0 geislavirkan \u00fargang me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00f6kkva honum \u00ed hafi\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 losna geislavirk efni \u00feegar \u00feau eru notu\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum tilgangi og \u00feegar bora\u00f0 er eftir ol\u00edu og gasi \u00e1 sj\u00e1varbotni. Enn fremur losna geislavirk efni fr\u00e1 kjarnorkukn\u00fanum kafb\u00e1tum sem hafa sokki\u00f0 og\/e\u00f0a veri\u00f0 s\u00f6kkt. Geislavirk efni hafa safnast fyrir \u00ed sj\u00e1varseti og geta m\u00f6gulega losna\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0an aftur \u00fat \u00ed hafi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Geislavirk efni b\u00e1rust til sj\u00e1var eftir slysi\u00f0 \u00ed Fukushima og hafa dreifst um Kyrrahafi\u00f0. \u00deynningin er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mikil en \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1 greina m\u00e6lanlega aukningu geislavirks ses\u00edums vi\u00f0 vesturstr\u00f6nd Bandar\u00edkjanna. Hafa ber \u00ed huga a\u00f0 geislavirkt ses\u00edum var \u00ed sj\u00f3num \u00e1\u00f0ur en slysi\u00f0 \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 og m\u00e1 rekja \u00fea\u00f0 til kjarnorkutilrauna um og eftir mi\u00f0ja s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2833\" style=\"width: 1215px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2833\" class=\"wp-image-2833 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1205\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA.png 1205w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA-300x94.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA-768x241.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd6.10-SesiumGeislunVidUSA-1024x321.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1205px) 100vw, 1205px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2833\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 6.10. Aukning hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 styrk ses\u00edums vi\u00f0 Kyrrahafsstr\u00f6nd Bandar\u00edkjanna.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Allnokkrar starfst\u00f6\u00f0var \u00ed kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0i losa geislavirk efni beint og\/e\u00f0a \u00f3beint \u00ed nor\u00f0austur-Atlantshafi\u00f0. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kjarnorkuver sem n\u00fdta orkuna til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja gufuhverfla og framlei\u00f0a rafmagn,<\/li>\n<li>st\u00f6\u00f0var sem framlei\u00f0a og au\u00f0ga kjarnorkueldsneyti fyrir kjarnorkuverin<\/li>\n<li>kjarnorkuendurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0var sem endurvinna nota\u00f0 eldsneyti og vinna \u00far \u00fev\u00ed \u00faran\u00edum og pl\u00fat\u00f3n\u00edum, og<\/li>\n<li>st\u00f6\u00f0var sem sinna ranns\u00f3knum og \u00fer\u00f3un.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00de\u00e1 hafa nokkrar st\u00f6\u00f0var \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu h\u00e6tt starfsemi og \u00fear \u00fearf a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla og ganga fr\u00e1 notu\u00f0u eldsneyti. N\u00e6r alla losun geislavirkra efna fr\u00e1 kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0inum \u00ed nor\u00f0austanvert Atlantshafi\u00f0 m\u00e1 rekja til kjarnorkuendurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0va og st\u00f6\u00f0va sem framlei\u00f0a og au\u00f0ga eldsneyti. \u00dear er einkum um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a losun \u00e1 v\u00f6kvaformi en \u00ed minna m\u00e6li losun fr\u00e1 f\u00f6stum \u00fargangi e\u00f0a losun \u00ed andr\u00famsloft. Geislavirku sams\u00e6turnar Cs-137 (ses\u00edum), Tc-99 (teknet\u00edum), Pu-239 og Pu-240 (pl\u00fat\u00f3n\u00edum) og H-3 (tr\u00edt\u00edum) eru nota\u00f0ar sem m\u00e6likvar\u00f0i \u00e1 losun fr\u00e1 kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0inum. Af \u00feeim uppsprettum sem ekki eiga r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0arins eru borpallar \u00e1 hafi \u00fati mikilv\u00e6gasta uppspretta geislavirkra efna \u00ed hafi\u00f0. Mesta losunin fr\u00e1 sl\u00edkum borp\u00f6llum ver\u00f0ur vegna losunar dj\u00fapvatns (dj\u00fapvatn er vatn sem kemur upp me\u00f0 ol\u00edu og gasi \u00feegar bora\u00f0 er, sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-4-oliuvinnsla\/\">2.4<\/a>) en dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 inniheldur geislavirku sams\u00e6turnar Pb-210 (bl\u00fd), Po-210 (p\u00f3lon\u00edum), Ra-226 og Ra-228 (rad\u00edum).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2694\" style=\"width: 1118px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2694\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2694\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1108\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl.png 1108w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl-768x367.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sjogeisl-1024x489.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2694\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 6.11. Kjarnorkui\u00f0na\u00f0urinn og borpallar \u00e1 hafi \u00fati eru mikilv\u00e6gustu uppsprettur geislavirkra efna \u00ed nor\u00f0austur Atlantshafi. Vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 sta\u00f0setningu \u00feeirrar starfsemi \u00fear sem geislavirk efni eru \u00ed notkun \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Sem fyrr segir getur j\u00f3nandi geislun haft arfgeng \u00e1hrif, haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00e6xlun og valdi\u00f0 krabbameini \u00ed l\u00edfverum. J\u00f3nandi geislun getur \u00fev\u00ed haft \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 sj\u00e1varl\u00edfverum f\u00e6kkar. Eins getur neysla menga\u00f0s sj\u00e1varfangs haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu f\u00f3lks. M\u00f6gulegur ska\u00f0i vegna geislunar r\u00e6\u00f0st af eiginleikum hinna geislavirku efna, magninu sem sj\u00e1varl\u00edfverur ver\u00f0a fyrir og me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti \u00feau komast \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 efnin. Gammageislar og betaagnir geta komist \u00ed gegnum h\u00fa\u00f0\/skinn en alfaagnir ekki. Alfaagnir eru hins vegar s\u00e9rlega h\u00e6ttulegar ef \u00fe\u00e6r komast inn \u00ed l\u00edkamann (me\u00f0 inn\u00f6ndun e\u00f0a f\u00e6\u00f0u). Geislavirkni \u00ed sj\u00f3 og sj\u00e1varafur\u00f0um getur einnig haft efnahagsleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 sj\u00e1var\u00fatvegsfyrirt\u00e6ki.<\/p>\n<p>Fr\u00e1 kjarnorkuendurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed Sellafield \u00ed Bretlandi berast geislavirkar sams\u00e6tur \u00ed \u00cdrlandshaf og \u00fea\u00f0an nor\u00f0ur fyrir Skotland og \u00ed Nor\u00f0ursj\u00f3. Nor\u00f0ur-Atlantshafsstraumurinn ber efnin \u00ed Noregshaf og \u00e1fram nor\u00f0ur. \u00dea\u00f0an berast \u00feau me\u00f0 Vestur-Svalbar\u00f0astraumnum til Nor\u00f0ur-Gr\u00e6nlandshafs. Hluti af geislavirkum efnum fr\u00e1 endurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00ed Sellafield berst \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt \u00ed Austur-Gr\u00e6nlandsstrauminn og getur \u00fev\u00ed borist \u00e1 \u00edslenska hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far nor\u00f0vestri \u2013 einkum \u00feau \u00e1r sem p\u00f3lsj\u00e1var g\u00e6tir \u00ed t\u00f6luver\u00f0um m\u00e6li \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0unum nor\u00f0an \u00cdslands. St\u00f6\u00f0in \u00ed Sellafield hefur veri\u00f0 ein helsta uppspretta geislamengunar vi\u00f0 \u00cdsland um \u00e1rabil. THORP-endurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0inni (e. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Th<\/span>ermal <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">O<\/span>xide <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">R<\/span>eprocessing <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">P<\/span>lant) \u00ed Sellafield var hins vegar loka\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2018 og \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 loka Magnox-endurvinnslust\u00f6\u00f0inni \u00e1ri\u00f0 2020. \u00c1fram mun \u00fe\u00f3 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 geyma geislavirkan \u00fargang \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e6lingar \u00e1 geislavirkni \u00e1 \u00edslenskum hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um hafa leitt \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 \u00fear ber mest \u00e1 leifum geislavirkra efna fr\u00e1 kjarnorkutilraunum, en geislavirkni h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land er me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed l\u00e6gsta sem m\u00e6list \u00ed heiminum. Grein \u00far Nor\u00f0ur-Atlantshafsstraumnum, sem flytur Atlantssj\u00f3 upp a\u00f0 landinu, \u00e1 sinn \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 geislavirkni vi\u00f0 strendur \u00cdslands er mun minni en \u00e1 samb\u00e6rilegum breiddargr\u00e1\u00f0um t.d. vi\u00f0 Noreg. Geislamengun m\u00e6list \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins h\u00e6rri fyrir nor\u00f0an land en fyrir sunnan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00deau geislavirku efni sem finnast \u00ed sj\u00f3num eru \u00fdmist n\u00e1tt\u00farleg e\u00f0a af mannav\u00f6ldum. N\u00e1tt\u00farulega geislavirk efni eru tilkomin vegna ve\u00f0runar \u00e1 bergi og vegna geimgeislunar. \u00ddmsar athafnir manna b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed n\u00fat\u00ed\u00f0 og fort\u00ed\u00f0 valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umhverfi sj\u00e1var mengast af <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/03\/6-5-geislavirkni-i-sjonum\/\">Lesa meira&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1751,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1687","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6-geislavirkni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1687","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1687"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1687\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3386,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1687\/revisions\/3386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1751"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1687"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1687"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}