{"id":2566,"date":"2019-07-28T02:00:41","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T02:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2566"},"modified":"2024-10-16T19:17:30","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T19:17:30","slug":"7-2-losun-oliu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-2-losun-oliu\/","title":{"rendered":"7.2 Losun ol\u00edu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ol\u00edumengun er s\u00fa mengun sem hefur hva\u00f0 mest \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vistkerfi sj\u00e1var. Ol\u00eda berst ekki eing\u00f6ngu til sj\u00e1var \u00feegar slys ver\u00f0a \u00e1 ol\u00eduborp\u00f6llum (t.d. Deepwater Horizon) e\u00f0a \u00feegar ol\u00eduflutningaskip stranda (t.d. Exxon Valdez) \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 sl\u00edk slys veki e\u00f0lilega mesta athygli, enda getur ska\u00f0inn veri\u00f0 mikill. Ol\u00edumengun \u00ed sj\u00f3 \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar uppsprettur, s.s. n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt a\u00f0streymi, starfsemi \u00ed landi, leka fr\u00e1 ol\u00eduvinnslu \u00e1 sj\u00f3, \u00f3l\u00f6glega hreinsun skipstanka \u00e1 sj\u00f3 og s\u00ed\u00f0ast en ekki s\u00edst getur ol\u00edumengun or\u00f0i\u00f0 vegna viljandi losunar sem tengist rekstri skipa. Ska\u00f0inn af sl\u00edkri mengun getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 talsver\u00f0ur til langs t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

\u00cdtarlega umfj\u00f6llun um afdrif ol\u00edu \u00ed sj\u00f3num sem og um ol\u00eduslys og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feeim er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed k\u00f6flum 2.8<\/a> og 2.9<\/a>. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur hins vegar fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um ol\u00edumengun vegna rekstrar skipa.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mynd 7.3. Ol\u00eduflekkur \u00ed sj\u00f3.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00ddmsum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um er beitt til a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarka ol\u00edumengun \u00ed sj\u00f3. H\u00e9r vi\u00f0 \u00cdslandsstrendur er losun ol\u00edu \u00ed hafi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 skipum, p\u00f6llum og \u00f6\u00f0rum mannvirkjum, hvort sem er beint e\u00f0a \u00f3beint, \u00f3heimil \u00e1 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i innan \u00feriggja sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednu landhelginnar, nema um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a ol\u00edublanda\u00f0 vatn sem lei\u00f0ir af e\u00f0lilegum rekstri. Ol\u00edumagn bl\u00f6ndu vi\u00f0 \u00fatr\u00e1s skal \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki vera 15 ppm sem samsvarar 15 ml \u00e1 hvern r\u00fammetra ol\u00edumenga\u00f0s kj\u00f6lvatns (l\u00f6g nr. 33\/2004 um varnir hafs og stranda). \u00cd vi\u00f0auka I vi\u00f0 MARPOL er a\u00f0 finna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um h\u00f6nnun, sm\u00ed\u00f0i, b\u00fana\u00f0 og rekstur skipa. Sem d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 sporna vi\u00f0 ol\u00edumengun m\u00e1 nefna skilgreiningu s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0a, strangar reglur um losun ol\u00edu \u00ed sj\u00f3 og auki\u00f0 eftirlit, auk skyldu til a\u00f0 \u00fatb\u00faa ol\u00eduflutningaskip me\u00f0 tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldum byr\u00f0ingi.<\/p>\n

St\u00f3r hluti \u00feeirrar ol\u00edu sem berst \u00ed hafi\u00f0 stafar af rekstri skipa. Um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum myndast ol\u00edumenga\u00f0 kj\u00f6lvatn og ol\u00edusori. Um bor\u00f0 \u00ed ol\u00eduflutningaskipum falla auk \u00feess til ol\u00eduleifar \u00feegar farmtankar eru hreinsa\u00f0ir. \u00ddmsir \u00fe\u00e6ttir hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 magn \u00fargangsol\u00edu sem myndast og\/e\u00f0a er geymt um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipi. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 nefna ger\u00f0, aldur og st\u00e6r\u00f0 skips, mismunandi b\u00fana\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 til a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla og geyma ol\u00edu, vi\u00f0hald skipsins og b\u00fana\u00f0arins og einnig ytri \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0vum \u00ed h\u00f6fnum. \u00c1 mynd 7.4 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 yfirlit yfir myndun \u00fargangsol\u00edu um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum og \u00fe\u00e1 tanka sem vi\u00f0komandi ol\u00edu\u00fargangur er geymdur \u00ed (um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a dreggjartanka<\/span> \u00ed ol\u00eduflutningaskipum, tanka fyrir ol\u00edusora, kj\u00f6lvatnstanka og geymslutanka fyrir \u00fargangsol\u00edu<\/span>). Skylt er a\u00f0 geyma um bor\u00f0 allan ol\u00edusora sem ekki er brennt, og er eing\u00f6ngu leyfilegt a\u00f0 losa hann \u00ed m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00f6fn. Ol\u00edusoranum er safna\u00f0 saman \u00ed geymslutank fyrir \u00fargangsol\u00edu. \u00cd \u00feann tank fer einnig ol\u00eduhluti ol\u00edumenga\u00f0s kj\u00f6lvatns \u00feegar kj\u00f6lvatni\u00f0 hefur fari\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum ol\u00eduskilju. Sama gildir um hugsanlegar dreggjar sem myndast \u00feegar farmtankar ol\u00eduskipa eru hreinsa\u00f0ir. \u00cd sumum skipum er brennsluofn fyrir \u00fargangsol\u00edu og \u00fearf brennsluofninn \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 uppfylla kr\u00f6fur sem ger\u00f0ar eru til sl\u00edkra ofna. \u00cd \u00feeim tilfellum sem brennsluofn er um bor\u00f0 er m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 brenna \u00fargangsol\u00edu \u00far \u00fargangsol\u00edutanki. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 minnkar \u00fea\u00f0 magn sem flytja \u00fearf til m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0var. Leyfilegt er a\u00f0 losa vatnskenndan hluta \u00far dreggjartanki og kj\u00f6lvatnstanki fyrir bor\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed tilskildu a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0auka I vi\u00f0 MARPOL var\u00f0andi sl\u00edka losun s\u00e9u uppfyllt. Magn ol\u00edu \u00ed hreinsu\u00f0u kj\u00f6lvatni m\u00e1 ekki vera meira en 15 ppm \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 er losa\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f3inn.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mynd 7.4. Myndun \u00fargangsol\u00edu um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum. Ol\u00eduleifar vegna hreinsunar farmtanka myndast eing\u00f6ngu um bor\u00f0 \u00ed ol\u00eduflutningaskipum (s\u00fdnt fyrir ofan rau\u00f0u brotal\u00ednuna \u00e1 myndinni).<\/p><\/div>\n

Ol\u00eda vegna rekstrar skipa lendir \u00ed sj\u00f3num b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna l\u00f6glegrar og \u00f3l\u00f6glegrar losunar. Eins og fram kom h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 skila ol\u00edu\u00fargangi \u00ed m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0var \u00ed h\u00f6fnum, brenna hann \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndum brennsluofni um bor\u00f0 og losa fyrir bor\u00f0, en sl\u00edk losun getur \u00fdmist veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gleg e\u00f0a \u00f3l\u00f6gleg.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0auki I vi\u00f0 MARPOL tekur sem fyrr segir \u00e1 ol\u00edumengun. \u00c1\u00f0ur en vi\u00f0aukinn var innleiddur \u00fe\u00f3ttu e\u00f0lileg vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fevo farmtanka ol\u00eduflutningaskipa me\u00f0 vatni (sj\u00f3) og losa ol\u00edumenga\u00f0 \u00fevottavatni\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Ennfremur voru ol\u00edufarmtankar og eldsneytistankar nota\u00f0ir fyrir kj\u00f6lfestuvatn ef \u00e1 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 halda og ol\u00edumenga\u00f0 kj\u00f6lvatni\u00f0 losa\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f3inn \u00feegar fylla \u00feurfti tankana aftur me\u00f0 ol\u00edu. \u00deetta er n\u00fana breytt.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0auki I vi\u00f0 MARPOL inniheldur einnig \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um sm\u00ed\u00f0afyrirkomulag skipa. \u00dear er t.d. a\u00f0 finna kr\u00f6fu um tv\u00f6faldan byr\u00f0ing<\/span> til a\u00f0 minnka l\u00edkurnar \u00e1 a\u00f0 farmtankarnir ver\u00f0i fyrir hnjaski lendi skipi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1rekstri e\u00f0a strandi og kr\u00f6fu um a\u00f0skilda kj\u00f6lfestu<\/span>, \u00fe.e. bann vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ol\u00edufarmtankar og\/e\u00f0a eldsneytistankar s\u00e9u einnig nota\u00f0ir sem kj\u00f6lfestutankar. Einnig eru \u00fear \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um losun ol\u00edumenga\u00f0 kj\u00f6lvatns, sk\u00edrteini og dagb\u00e6kur sem og vi\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0 og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00edu\u00f3h\u00f6ppum. \u00deessi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hafa leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 hefur verulega \u00far losun ol\u00edu \u00ed hafi\u00f0 vegna rekstrar skipa. \u00c1 m\u00f3ti kemur a\u00f0 skipaumfer\u00f0 hefur aukist \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum og \u00e1ratugum.<\/p>\n

Losun ol\u00edumenga\u00f0s kj\u00f6lvatns fr\u00e1 skipum (> 400 br\u00fatt\u00f3tonn) er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0, nema \u00f6llum eftirt\u00f6ldum skilyr\u00f0um s\u00e9 fulln\u00e6gt:<\/p>\n