{"id":2571,"date":"2019-07-28T04:00:10","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T04:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2571"},"modified":"2020-12-30T17:12:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T17:12:26","slug":"7-4-losun-skolps-og-urgangs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-4-losun-skolps-og-urgangs\/","title":{"rendered":"7.4 Losun sk\u00f3lps og \u00fargangs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd skipum myndar \u00e1h\u00f6fnin \u2013 og far\u00feegarnir \u00ed far\u00feegaskipum \u2013 samf\u00e9lag og \u00fev\u00ed myndast b\u00e6\u00f0i sk\u00f3lp og svokalla\u00f0ur heimilis\u00fargangur um bor\u00f0. Heimilis\u00fargangur samanstendur m.a. af matarleifum og notu\u00f0um umb\u00fa\u00f0um. A\u00f0 auki fellur til rekstrar\u00fargangur um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum og fer e\u00f0li hans eftir starfseminni um bor\u00f0, t.d. fellur til vei\u00f0af\u00e6ra\u00fargangur \u00ed fiskiskipum. Vi\u00f0auki IV vi\u00f0 MARPOL fjallar um varnir gegn sk\u00f3lpmengun fr\u00e1 skipum og vi\u00f0auki V fjallar um varnir gegn sorpmengun fr\u00e1 skipum.<\/p>\n<h5>7.4.1 Losun sk\u00f3lps<\/h5>\n<p>Sk\u00f3lp inniheldur l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni (sykrur, pr\u00f3t\u00edn o.fl.) og \u00f3l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni (\u00fe.\u00e1 m. k\u00f6fnunarefni og fosf\u00f3r), sem og svifagnir og uppleystar agnir. Sk\u00f3lp er \u00e1kj\u00f3sanlegt umhverfi fyrir mikinn fj\u00f6lda \u00f6rvera, a\u00f0allega bakter\u00edur en einnig veirur og frumd\u00fdr. Flestar \u00f6rverurnar eru meinlausar en sk\u00f3lp getur einnig innihaldi\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3msvaldandi bakter\u00edur.<\/p>\n<p>Losun \u00f3me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0s sk\u00f3lps \u00ed sj\u00f3inn getur valdi\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu fyrir heilsu f\u00f3lks og sj\u00f3nmengun \u00e1 strandsv\u00e6\u00f0um, sem er vandam\u00e1l \u2013 einkum \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0um sem rei\u00f0a sig \u00e1 fer\u00f0amennsku. Auk \u00feess getur ni\u00f0urbrot l\u00edfr\u00e6nu efnanna \u00ed sk\u00f3lpinu valdi\u00f0 s\u00farefnis\u00feurr\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 geta n\u00e6ringarefnin valdi\u00f0 ofau\u00f0gun \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mum sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem vatnsskipti eru l\u00edtil og magn n\u00e6ringarefna er miki\u00f0 fyrir (t.d. Eystrasalt). N\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um ofau\u00f0gun \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-2-naeringarefnaofaudgun\/\">5.2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2947\" style=\"width: 1050px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2947\" class=\"wp-image-2947 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1040\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7.png 1040w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7-300x93.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7-768x239.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_7-1024x319.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1040px) 100vw, 1040px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2947\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.7. Aflei\u00f0ingar ofau\u00f0gunar eru minni l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur fj\u00f6lbreytileiki b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 hafsbotni og \u00ed vatnsmassanum.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Almennt er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fath\u00f6fum s\u00e9 sj\u00f3rinn f\u00e6r um a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast og takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00f3me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 sk\u00f3lp. \u00deess vegna banna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0auka IV vi\u00f0 MARPOL losun sk\u00f3lps a\u00f0eins innan tiltekinnar fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 landi. Losun er \u00fe\u00f3 leyf\u00f0 ef vi\u00f0urkennd sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 er um bor\u00f0. Vi\u00f0aukinn tekur til skipa sem eru st\u00e6rri en 400 br\u00fatt\u00f3tonn og far\u00feegaskipa sem flytja 15 manns e\u00f0a fleiri. Sl\u00edk skip \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa <strong>al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt sk\u00f3lpmengunarvarnask\u00edrteini<\/strong> um bor\u00f0 (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd ISPP-sk\u00edrteininu kemur fram st\u00e6r\u00f0 og sta\u00f0setning vi\u00f0urkennds mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0ar (geymsutanks, sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0var og kerfis sem kvarnar og s\u00f3tthreinsar sk\u00f3lp) um bor\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi skipi.\">ISPP<\/span>, e. <u>i<\/u>nternational <u>s<\/u>ewage <u>p<\/u>ollution <u>p<\/u>revention certificate) og vera \u00fatb\u00fain einu af eftirt\u00f6ldu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vi\u00f0urkenndri sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0,<\/li>\n<li>vi\u00f0urkenndu kerfi sem kvarnar og s\u00f3tthreinsar sk\u00f3lp,<\/li>\n<li>geymslutanki fyrir sk\u00f3lp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00d6ll losun sk\u00f3lps \u00ed sj\u00f3inn er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 innan \u00feriggja sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 landi nema sk\u00f3lpi\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndri sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0. \u00c1 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um milli \u00feriggja og 12 sj\u00f3m\u00edlna er leyfilegt a\u00f0 losa sk\u00f3lp \u00ed sj\u00f3inn hafi sk\u00f3lpi\u00f0 fyrst anna\u00f0 hvort veri\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndri sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 e\u00f0a kvarna\u00f0 og s\u00f3tthreinsa\u00f0. Fyrir utan 12 sj\u00f3m\u00edlur er losun \u00f3me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0s sk\u00f3lps leyfileg a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed tilskildu a\u00f0 sk\u00f3lpi\u00f0 s\u00e9 losa\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e6filegu magni \u00feegar hra\u00f0i skipsins er a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarki 4 hn\u00fatar. \u00d6ll losun sk\u00f3lps fr\u00e1 far\u00feegaskipum er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00ed Eystrasaltinu, sem er s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0i (sj\u00e1 mynd 7.2). Eins hafa nokkur r\u00edki skilgreint sv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem losun sk\u00f3lps er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0. Nau\u00f0synlegt er a\u00f0 <strong>m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0var fyrir sk\u00f3lp<\/strong> s\u00e9u til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed h\u00f6fnum, annars vegar vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 losun sk\u00f3lps er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00e1 sumum hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um og hins vegar vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fatger\u00f0ir geta vali\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa geymslutank fyrir sk\u00f3lp um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum frekar en b\u00fana\u00f0 til a\u00f0 hreinsa sk\u00f3lp.<\/p>\n<h4>7.4.2 Losun \u00fargangs<\/h4>\n<p>Gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt magn af \u00fargangi lendir \u00ed sj\u00f3num \u00e1 hverju \u00e1ri og hefur gert \u00ed langan t\u00edma. Siglingar eiga sinn \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00feessu vandam\u00e1li, en \u00fear er einkum um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fargang fr\u00e1 fiskiskipum, kaupskipum og skemmtifer\u00f0askipum, sem anna\u00f0 hvort er hent fyrir bor\u00f0 viljandi e\u00f0a lendir \u00ed sj\u00f3num fyrir slysni. St\u00e6rstur hluti \u00fargangsins er plast, sem tekur \u00f3rat\u00edma a\u00f0 brotna ni\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00f3num. \u00dev\u00ed fer magn \u00fargangs \u00ed sj\u00f3num vaxandi fr\u00e1 \u00e1ri til \u00e1rs. Fjalla\u00f0 er um \u00e1hrif \u00fargangs \u00e1 umhverfi hafsins \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/23\/4-urgangur-plast\/\">4<\/a>, s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi \u00e1hrif plasts (kafli <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/23\/4-6-ahrif-plasts-a-lifriki-i-sjonum\/\">4.6<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_761\" style=\"width: 1028px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/04.6-M4.14-DyrFlaekstIPlasti.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-761\" class=\"size-full wp-image-761\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/04.6-M4.14-DyrFlaekstIPlasti.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1018\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/04.6-M4.14-DyrFlaekstIPlasti.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/04.6-M4.14-DyrFlaekstIPlasti-300x71.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/04.6-M4.14-DyrFlaekstIPlasti-768x181.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1018px) 100vw, 1018px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-761\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.8. Plast hefur margv\u00edsleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki sj\u00e1var.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00dargangur sem myndast um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum samanstendur a\u00f0allega af matarleifum, umb\u00fa\u00f0um (plasti, pappa, brettum), hreinsiefnum og tuskum, \u00e1samt leifum af efnum (m\u00e1lningu, leysiefnum, o.fl.) sem notu\u00f0 eru um bor\u00f0. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla og farga \u00feessum \u00fargangi \u00e1 r\u00e9ttan h\u00e1tt til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun sj\u00e1var. Mesta \u00e1herslu \u00e6tti \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e6t\u00ed\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1 a\u00f0 draga \u00far myndun \u00fargangs.<\/p>\n<p>Almennt er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fath\u00f6fum s\u00e9 sj\u00f3rinn f\u00e6r um a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast og takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 l\u00edfr\u00e6nan \u00fargang, steinefni og h\u00e6ttulausa m\u00e1lma (j\u00e1rn, st\u00e1l o.\u00fe.h.). Losun \u00fargangs \u00ed sj\u00f3 er almennt b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt vi\u00f0auka V vi\u00f0 MARPOL, me\u00f0 eftirfarandi undantekningum:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Utan \u00feriggja sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednum landhelginnar m\u00e1 losa kvarna\u00f0an matar\u00fargang og \u00feess h\u00e1ttar sorp, t.a.m. papp\u00edr, tuskur, gler og annan \u00e1l\u00edka \u00fargang sem <u>kemst \u00ed gegnum sigti<\/u> sem hefur g\u00f6t me\u00f0 25 mm \u00feverm\u00e1li.<\/li>\n<li>Utan 12 sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednum landhelginnar er heimilt a\u00f0 losa \u00f3kvarna\u00f0an matar\u00fargang og anna\u00f0 sorp, t.a.m. papp\u00edr, tuskur, gler, m\u00e1lma, fl\u00f6skur, leirv\u00f6rur og annan \u00e1l\u00edka \u00fargang sem <u>kemst ekki<\/u> \u00ed gegnum sigti sem hefur g\u00f6t me\u00f0 25 mm \u00feverm\u00e1li.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um er heimilt a\u00f0 losa matar\u00fargang \u00ed sj\u00f3 utan 12 sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednum landhelginnar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Aldrei m\u00e1 losa \u00ed sj\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00der\u00e1virk efni sem flj\u00f3ta e\u00f0a mara \u00ed sj\u00f3num.<\/li>\n<li>Vei\u00f0arf\u00e6ra\u00fargang.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6sku \u00far brennsluofnum ef brennd hafa veri\u00f0 plastefni sem innihalda \u00feungm\u00e1lma e\u00f0a eiturefni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00d6ll skip sem eru st\u00e6rri en 400 br\u00fatt\u00f3tonn og far\u00feegaskip sem flytja 15 manns e\u00f0a fleiri \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa um bor\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd \u00e1\u00e6tluninni skulu vera skrifleg fyrirm\u00e6li um s\u00f6fnun, geymslu, me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun og losun \u00fargangs, auk fyrirm\u00e6la um notkun b\u00fana\u00f0ar um bor\u00f0. \u00cd henni skulu jafnframt vera uppl\u00fdsingar um \u00fea\u00f0 hver s\u00e9 tilnefndur til a\u00f0 bera \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 framfylgja \u00e1\u00e6tluninni.\"><strong>\u00e1\u00e6tlun um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fargangs<\/strong><\/span><strong>.<\/strong> Skipin \u00feurfa ennfremur a\u00f0 halda <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd sorpdagb\u00f3k skal skr\u00e1 eftir flokkum alla losun og brennslu \u00fargangs. B\u00f3kin skiptist \u00ed 2 hluta. \u00cd fyrri hlutanum er \u00fargangi skipt \u00ed eftirfarandi flokka: a) plast, b) matar\u00fargang, c) \u00fargang fr\u00e1 vistarverum , d) matarol\u00edu, e) brennslu\u00f6sku, f) \u00f3vinnsluh\u00e6fan rekstrar\u00fargang, g) d\u00fdrahr\u00e6, h) vei\u00f0arf\u00e6ri og i) raf- og raft\u00e6kja\u00fargang. \u00cd seinni hlutanum er farmleifum skipt \u00ed tvo flokka: j) farmleifar sem eru h\u00e6ttulegar umhverfi sj\u00e1var og k) farmleifar sem ekki eru h\u00e6ttulegar umhverfi sj\u00e1var.\"><strong>sorpdagb\u00f3k<\/strong><\/span>. \u00de\u00e1 skulu skip sem eru 12 metrar e\u00f0a lengri hafa uppi <strong>veggspj\u00f6ld<\/strong> sem uppl\u00fdsa \u00e1h\u00f6fn og far\u00feega um \u00fe\u00e6r kr\u00f6fur sem ger\u00f0ar eru um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fargangs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd skipum myndar \u00e1h\u00f6fnin \u2013 og far\u00feegarnir \u00ed far\u00feegaskipum \u2013 samf\u00e9lag og \u00fev\u00ed myndast b\u00e6\u00f0i sk\u00f3lp og svokalla\u00f0ur heimilis\u00fargangur um bor\u00f0. Heimilis\u00fargangur samanstendur m.a. af matarleifum og notu\u00f0um umb\u00fa\u00f0um. A\u00f0 auki fellur til rekstrar\u00fargangur um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum og fer <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-4-losun-skolps-og-urgangs\/\">Lesa meira&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1005,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7-umhverfisahrifsiglinga"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2571"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3394,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2571\/revisions\/3394"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2571"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2571"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}