{"id":2573,"date":"2019-07-28T05:00:23","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T05:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2573"},"modified":"2024-10-23T12:51:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T12:51:24","slug":"7-5-loftmengun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-5-loftmengun\/","title":{"rendered":"7.5 Loftmengun"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Eldsneytisbrennsla um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum hefur \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r losun \u00fdmissa loftmengunarefna sem geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu manna og umhverfi. Auk \u00feess getur notkun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna og gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 k\u00e6likerfi (og \u00e1\u00f0ur fyrr \u00e1 brunavarnakerfi) um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum valdi\u00f0 loftmengun. Mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0ur um bor\u00f0 dregur \u00far losun loftmengunarefna \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0, en \u00ed sumum tilvikum eru sl\u00edk hreinsikerfi me\u00f0 opna hringr\u00e1s, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fdmis mengunarefni lenda \u00ed sj\u00f3num \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 sleppa \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famlofti\u00f0.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2950\" style=\"width: 1341px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2950\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2950\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1331\" height=\"558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9.png 1331w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9-768x322.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_9-1024x429.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1331px) 100vw, 1331px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2950\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.9. Siglingar valda loftmengun. Vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00fatbl\u00e1stur loftmengunarefna fr\u00e1 skipi. H\u00e6gra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 k\u00e6likerfi um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipi en k\u00e6limi\u00f0larnir sem nota\u00f0ir eru geta veri\u00f0 \u00f3soney\u00f0andi lofttegundir og\/e\u00f0a gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Vi\u00f0auki VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL fjallar um varnir gegn loftmengun fr\u00e1 skipum. Vi\u00f0aukinn mi\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 minnka losun loftmengunarefna (s.s. SO<sub>2<\/sub>, NO<sub>x<\/sub>\u00a0og ryk) \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri skipa og bannar v\u00edsvitandi losun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna. Einnig er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed vi\u00f0aukanum reglur um orkun\u00fdtni til a\u00f0 takmarka losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna brennslu eldsneytis.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0auki VI takmarkar einnig losun rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna (VOC) fr\u00e1 ol\u00eduflutningaskipum. VOC myndast vi\u00f0 brennslu eldsneytis og me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun ol\u00eduvara, en s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi \u00fe\u00e1tturinn er helsta uppspretta rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna fr\u00e1 skipum. Einkum losnar miki\u00f0 magn rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna \u00feegar farmtankar ol\u00eduflutningaskipa eru fermdir. \u00deegar eldsneyti hefur veri\u00f0 d\u00e6lt af farmt\u00f6nkum inniheldur tankr\u00fdmi\u00f0 miki\u00f0 magn af loftbornum rokgj\u00f6rnum l\u00edfr\u00e6num efnum, sem \u00fer\u00fdstast \u00fat \u00far t\u00f6nkunum \u00feegar \u00feeir eru fylltir a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. Einnig getur uppgufun \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 me\u00f0an skipi\u00f0 er \u00e1 fer\u00f0. Til a\u00f0 takmarka losun rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna hefur veri\u00f0 komi\u00f0 fyrir vi\u00f0urkenndum <strong>b\u00fana\u00f0i <\/strong><strong>til a\u00f0 takmarka losun \u00feeirra efna sem gufa upp<\/strong> (VECS, e. <u>v<\/u>apour <u>e<\/u>mission <u>c<\/u>ontrol <u>s<\/u>ystem). Sl\u00edkur b\u00fana\u00f0ur getur b\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum og \u00ed landi. Ol\u00eduflutningaskip skulu vera me\u00f0 <strong>VOC-\u00e1\u00e6tlun <\/strong>\u00fear sem fram koma uppl\u00fdsingar um b\u00fana\u00f0 og a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 takmarka losun rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0auki VI inniheldur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um brennslu \u00fargangs um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum. Brennsluofnum um bor\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 fylgja sta\u00f0festingar \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fatbl\u00e1sturssta\u00f0lar s\u00e9u uppfylltir. \u00de\u00e1 er banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 brenna \u00e1kve\u00f0num \u00fargangsflokkum, s.s.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>farmleifum sem falla undir vi\u00f0auka I-III,<\/li>\n<li>PCB og \u00fargangi sem inniheldur \u00feungm\u00e1lma,<\/li>\n<li>ol\u00eduafur\u00f0um sem innihalda hal\u00f3gena,<\/li>\n<li>seyru og ol\u00edusora sem ekki hefur myndast um bor\u00f0 og<\/li>\n<li>leifum \u00far hreinsib\u00fana\u00f0i fyrir \u00fatbl\u00e1stur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 n\u00e1nar um losun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna, losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda (CO<sub>2<\/sub>, HFC) og losun heilsuska\u00f0legra loftmengunarefna sem myndast vegna bruna eldsneytis. Einnig ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun framangreindra efna.<\/p>\n<h4>7.5.1. \u00d3soney\u00f0andi efni<\/h4>\n<p>\u00cd kringum aldam\u00f3tin 1900 voru eitra\u00f0ar lofttegundir \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ammon\u00edak, met\u00fdlkl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0 og brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 nota\u00f0ar sem k\u00e6limi\u00f0lar. Fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 sta\u00f0gengilsefnum \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar alvarlegs slyss sem var\u00f0 \u00feegar met\u00fdlkl\u00f3r\u00ed\u00f0 lak af k\u00e6likerfi \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum og olli dau\u00f0a f\u00f3lks \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar. Kl\u00f3rfl\u00faorkolefni (CFC) voru samsett \u00ed fyrsta sinn \u00e1ri\u00f0 1928 og h\u00f3fst magnframlei\u00f0sla nokkrum \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Kl\u00f3rfl\u00faorkolefni (oft k\u00f6llu\u00f0 freon eftir fr\u00e6gasta v\u00f6rumerkinu) eru hvorki eitru\u00f0 n\u00e9 eldfim og innihalda eins og nafni\u00f0 bendir til kl\u00f3r, fl\u00faor og kolefni. M\u00f6rg \u00feeirra hafa su\u00f0umark n\u00e1l\u00e6gt stofuhita sem gerir \u00feau m.a. a\u00f0 s\u00e9rlega gagnlegum k\u00e6limi\u00f0lum. Auk \u00feess hafa \u00feau veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 sem drifefni \u00ed \u00fa\u00f0abr\u00fasa, til a\u00f0 bl\u00e1sa \u00fat frau\u00f0plast og sem leysiefni til a\u00f0 hreinsa fitu. \u00cd skipum hafa freonar n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0ir sem k\u00e6limi\u00f0lar. Framlei\u00f0sla hal\u00f3na h\u00f3fst nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar en \u00feeir hafa mestmegnis veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0ir sem sl\u00f6kkvimi\u00f0lar, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum. Hal\u00f3nar innihalda kolefni, br\u00f3m og fl\u00faor. Hal\u00f3n og freon eru mj\u00f6g st\u00f6\u00f0ug efni sem \u00fe\u00f3tti til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 mikill kostur. \u00de\u00e1 brotnu\u00f0u \u00feau l\u00edti\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed b\u00fana\u00f0inum sem innih\u00e9lt efnin og endingart\u00edminn \u00fev\u00ed langur. Efnin losna \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 vegna \u00f3happa og vegna leka fr\u00e1 k\u00e6li- og sl\u00f6kkvikerfum. Vegna \u00feess hve st\u00f6\u00f0ug efnin eru brotna \u00feau l\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekkert ni\u00f0ur \u00ed <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Lofthj\u00fapi jar\u00f0ar er skipt \u00ed fj\u00f6gur hvolf. Ne\u00f0st er ve\u00f0rahvolf og \u00fear l\u00e6kkar hiti me\u00f0 h\u00e6\u00f0. Svo kemur hei\u00f0hvolf en \u00fear h\u00e6kkar hiti me\u00f0 h\u00e6\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f3sonlagi\u00f0 gleypir stuttbylgjugeislun s\u00f3larinnar. \u00de\u00e1 kemur mi\u00f0hvolf \u00fear sem hiti l\u00e6kkar aftur me\u00f0 h\u00e6\u00f0 og loks hitahvolf \u00fear sem hiti h\u00e6kkar me\u00f0 h\u00e6\u00f0.\">ve\u00f0rahvolfinu<\/span>. \u00deau berast svo me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum upp \u00ed hei\u00f0hvolfi\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1tt lj\u00f3s kl\u00fdfur hal\u00f3genana (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Kl\u00f3r og br\u00f3m eru hal\u00f3genar. Hal\u00f3genar eru mj\u00f6g hvarfgjarnir.\">kl\u00f3r og br\u00f3m<\/span>) fr\u00e1 og \u00fe\u00e1 fara af sta\u00f0 efnahv\u00f6rf sem valda \u00feynningu \u00f3sonlagsins.<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">Lofthj\u00fapur jar\u00f0arinnar er \u00feunnt lag lofttegunda sem umlykur hn\u00f6ttinn. \u00deetta \u00feunna lag, me\u00f0 s\u00edna einst\u00f6ku efnasamsetningu (sj\u00e1 t\u00f6flu 3.1 \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/20\/3-2-lofthjupurinn\/\">3.2<\/a>), er gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega mikilv\u00e6gt. Lofthj\u00fapurinn ver okkur gegn h\u00e6ttulegri geislun fr\u00e1 s\u00f3linni og heldur hitastigi \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00ed jafnv\u00e6gi.\u00a0\u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9r \u00ed l<a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/osoneyd.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2952 \" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/osoneyd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/osoneyd.png 298w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/osoneyd-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 176px) 100vw, 176px\" \/><\/a>agi \u00f3sonlagi\u00f0 \u00ed hei\u00f0hvolfi sem ver okkur gegn \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1rri geislun s\u00f3larinnar. \u00d3son (O<sub>3<\/sub>) er lofttegund sem samanstendur af \u00feremur s\u00farefnisat\u00f3mum \u00ed sta\u00f0 tveggja \u00ed venjulegu s\u00farefni (O<sub>2<\/sub>) andr\u00famsloftsins. \u00d3son ver\u00f0ur til \u00feegar venjulegt s\u00farefni ver\u00f0ur fyrir \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1rri geislun s\u00f3larlj\u00f3ssins og er myndun \u00feess langmest \u00ed 20-35 km h\u00e6\u00f0 (\u00ed \u00feessari h\u00e6\u00f0 er orka s\u00f3larlj\u00f3ssins n\u00e6gjanleg til a\u00f0 sundra s\u00farefninu). \u00d3son er s\u00edfellt a\u00f0 myndast, ey\u00f0ast og flytjast til me\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegum h\u00e6tti en heildarmagn \u00feess \u00ed lofthj\u00fapnum h\u00e9lst \u00f3breytt \u00ed langan t\u00edma. \u00c1stand \u00f3sonlagsins h\u00e9lst \u00fev\u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0ugt. Upp \u00far 1980 ur\u00f0u v\u00edsindamenn varir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f3sonlagi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00feynnst og \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1 geislun vi\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar aukist \u00e1 sama t\u00edma. Ey\u00f0ingin var rakin til \u00feess a\u00f0 kl\u00f3r og br\u00f3m \u00ed \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efnum, s.s. freonum og hal\u00f3num, h\u00f6f\u00f0u borist \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0. Freon og hal\u00f3n eru mj\u00f6g st\u00f6\u00f0ug efni og brotna \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekkert ni\u00f0ur \u00ed ve\u00f0rahvolfi. En \u00feegar \u00feau berast \u00ed hei\u00f0hvolfi\u00f0 kl\u00fdfur \u00fatfj\u00f3lubl\u00e1tt lj\u00f3s hal\u00f3genana (kl\u00f3r, br\u00f3m) fr\u00e1. Hal\u00f3genarnir virka eins og hvatar \u00ed efnahv\u00f6rfum, \u00fear sem hver \u00f3sonsameindin af annarri brotnar ni\u00f0ur. Hal\u00f3genarnir koma \u00f3breyttir \u00fat \u00far hv\u00f6rfunum og geta broti\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur n\u00e6stu \u00f3sonsameind, og svo koll af kolli. Hver kl\u00f3rfrumeind (e\u00f0a br\u00f3mfrumeind) getur \u00feannig broti\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur um 10.000-100.000 \u00f3sonsameindir. Verulega hefur veri\u00f0 dregi\u00f0 \u00far notkun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna vegna Montreal-b\u00f3kunarinnar um \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efni fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1987 (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/08\/07\/8-4-samningar-um-loftmengun-vernd-osonlagsins-og-loftslagsbreytingar\/\">8.4<\/a>).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u00deegar \u00f3soney\u00f0ingin uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0ist var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 sta\u00f0gengilsefnum fyrir hal\u00f3na og freona. \u00cd sta\u00f0 kl\u00f3rfl\u00faorkolefna voru til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 notu\u00f0 vetniskl\u00f3rfl\u00faorkolefna (HCFC) en \u00fear sem \u00feau innihalda vetni a\u00f0 hluta hafa \u00feau minni \u00f3soney\u00f0ingarm\u00e1tt en kl\u00f3rfl\u00faorkolefnin. S\u00ed\u00f0ar var b\u00e6\u00f0i CFC og HCFC skipt \u00fat fyrir vetnisfl\u00faorkolefni (HFC). HFC-efni ey\u00f0a ekki \u00f3sonlaginu en eru hins vegar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hafa n\u00e1tt\u00farlegir k\u00e6limi\u00f0lar (t.d. kols\u00fdra og amm\u00f3n\u00edak) veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 ry\u00f0ja s\u00e9r aftur til r\u00fams. Vi\u00f0auki VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL bannar v\u00edsvitandi losun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna. \u00de\u00e1 bannar hann uppsetningu n\u00fds b\u00fana\u00f0ar (k\u00e6likerfa, brunavarnakerfa) sem inniheldur \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efni um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum. Samkv\u00e6mt vi\u00f0aukanum var \u00fe\u00f3 leyfilegt a\u00f0 setja upp n\u00fd kerfi sem innihalda HCFC-efni til \u00e1rsins 2020. \u00cdslensk l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f gengur lengra en vi\u00f0auki VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL. Innflutningur n\u00fdframleiddra CFC-efna hefur veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0ur h\u00e9rlendis fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed jan\u00faar 1995 og innflutningur endurunninna CFC-efna fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1997. Innflutningur n\u00fdframleiddra <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Hal\u00f3n eru notu\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 \u00ed flugv\u00e9lum \u00fear sem erfitt er a\u00f0 finna sta\u00f0gengilsefni, hal\u00f3ni\u00f0 tekur l\u00edti\u00f0 pl\u00e1ss og er ekki eitra\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum.\">hal\u00f3na<\/span> hefur veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1993 og innflutningur endurunninna hal\u00f3na fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed n\u00f3vember 1997. Banna\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 setja upp og flytja inn kerfi og b\u00fana\u00f0 me\u00f0 HCFC efnum fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1997. Settir voru stigminnkandi innflutningskv\u00f3tar \u00e1 HCFC-efni. Innflutningur \u00e1 n\u00fdframleiddum HCFC-efnum hefur veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0ur s\u00ed\u00f0an 2010 og allur innflutningur sl\u00edkra efna hefur veri\u00f0 banna\u00f0ur s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed \u00e1rsbyrjun 2015. Enn er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 finna \u00edslensk skip sem eru me\u00f0 HCFC-efni um bor\u00f0, en \u00fear sem frambo\u00f0 efnanna er mj\u00f6g takmarka\u00f0 (hugsanlega eiga vi\u00f0komandi \u00fatger\u00f0ir gamlar birg\u00f0ir e\u00f0a kaupa efnin annars sta\u00f0ar fr\u00e1) hl\u00fdtur \u00feeim a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a skipt \u00fat \u00e1 allra n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_551\" style=\"width: 1410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551\" class=\"wp-image-551 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1400\" height=\"854\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image-768x468.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/intro_image-1024x625.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.10. Lofthj\u00fapur jar\u00f0ar. Lj\u00f3smynd tekin \u00ed Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu geimst\u00f6\u00f0inni.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">7.5.2. Gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Flutningaskip sj\u00e1 um meira en 80% af \u00f6llum v\u00f6ruflutningum \u00ed heiminum og m\u00e1 rekja um 2,2% af losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu til notkunar eldsneytis \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum. B\u00faist er vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 losun vegna al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglinga muni aukast \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum me\u00f0 auknum v\u00f6ru- og f\u00f3lksflutningum (\u00fe.\u00e1 m. vegna skemmtifer\u00f0askipa). Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 hvern <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Losun \u00e1 hvern tonnk\u00edl\u00f3metra (t-km) er m\u00e6likvar\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hversu mikil losun ver\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 flytja 1 tonn af v\u00f6rum um 1 km.\">t-km<\/span> er mun minni \u00feegar v\u00f6rur eru fluttar me\u00f0 skipum en \u00feegar v\u00f6rur eru fluttar landlei\u00f0ina e\u00f0a me\u00f0 flugi.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2955\" style=\"width: 1328px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2955\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2955\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1318\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11.png 1318w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11-768x355.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_11-1024x474.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1318px) 100vw, 1318px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2955\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.11. Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna v\u00f6ruflutninga me\u00f0 skipum, b\u00edlum og flugi.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Hluta losunar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna siglinga m\u00e1 rekja til efnanotkunar um bor\u00f0. Hal\u00f3n og freon eru sem fyrr segir \u00f3soney\u00f0andi lofttegundir. \u00deessi efni eru einnig \u00f6flugar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir og \u00fev\u00ed hefur \u00fatf\u00f6sun \u00feeirra \u00e1hrif \u00e1 losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna siglinga. Hins vegar eru sum sta\u00f0gengilsefni fyrir \u00f3soney\u00f0andi k\u00e6limi\u00f0la einnig \u00f6flugar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir. \u00deetta \u00e1 einkum vi\u00f0 um vetnisfl\u00faorkolefni (HFC). Framlei\u00f0sla og notkun HFC-efna hefur aukist miki\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum og eru \u00feau talsvert notu\u00f0 sem k\u00e6limi\u00f0lar um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum. Stutta umfj\u00f6llun um helstu gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/20\/3-4-losun-grodurhusalofttegunda\/\">3.4<\/a> og \u00edtarlega er fjalla\u00f0 um gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrif og loftslagsbreytingar \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/20\/3-3-grodurhusaahrif-og-loftslagsbreytingar\/\">3.3<\/a>. \u00cd kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/20\/3-6-ahrif-hafsins-og-ahrif-a-hafid\/\">3.6<\/a> er svo fjalla\u00f0 um \u00e1hrif losunar kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s og aukinna gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasa\u00e1hrifa \u00e1 hafi\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Eins og fram kom \u00ed kafla 7.5.1 hafa \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efni veri\u00f0 b\u00f6nnu\u00f0. N\u00fa er einnig stefnt a\u00f0 \u00fatf\u00f6sun HFC-efna. Ger\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 breyting \u00e1 Montreal-b\u00f3kuninni (Kigali-breytingin, sj\u00e1 kafla 8.4), en skv. henni er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 notkun vetnisfl\u00faorkolefna ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 mestu leyti h\u00e6tt \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu \u00e1ri\u00f0 2036. Me\u00f0 <em>regluger\u00f0 nr. 1066\/2019 um fl\u00faora\u00f0ar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir<\/em> voru settir innflutningskv\u00f3tar \u00e1 HFC-efni h\u00e9rlendis og fara \u00feeir stigminnkandi \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum. Innflutningskv\u00f3tarnir voru svo minnka\u00f0ir me\u00f0 <em>regluger\u00f0 nr. 1425\/2020 <\/em>um breytingu \u00e1 fyrrnefndri regluger\u00f0. \u00dev\u00ed mun draga \u00far losun \u00feessara efna \u00ed n\u00e1inni framt\u00ed\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0auki VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL inniheldur kr\u00f6fur um orkun\u00fdtni \u00ed skipum sem eru st\u00e6rri en 400 br\u00fatt\u00f3tonn. Tilgangurinn me\u00f0 \u00feessu er a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna brennslu eldsneytis \u00ed siglingum. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a <strong>h\u00f6nnunarstu\u00f0ul fyrir orkun\u00fdtni<\/strong> (EEDI, e. <u>e<\/u>nergy <u>e<\/u>fficiency <u>d<\/u>esign <u>i<\/u>ndex). EEDI gerir kr\u00f6fu um l\u00e1gmarksorkun\u00fdtni \u00e1 hvern t-km fyrir mismunandi st\u00e6r\u00f0ir og ger\u00f0ir skipa. Stu\u00f0ullinn gildir um b\u00fana\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"N\u00fd skip \u00ed \u00feessu samhengi eru skip sem eru afhent eftir \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015.\"><u>n\u00fdrra skipa<\/u><\/span>\u00a0til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s vegna eldsneytisbrennslu og er \u00fatger\u00f0um frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 velja \u00fe\u00e6r lei\u00f0ir sem \u00feeim hentar (lei\u00f0irnar sn\u00faast m.a. um h\u00f6nnun skipa, n\u00fdja t\u00e6kni, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 draga \u00far hra\u00f0a). \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a almennar reglur um orkusparna\u00f0 \u00ed rekstri og er \u00fatger\u00f0um skipa skylt a\u00f0 \u00fatb\u00faa <strong>\u00e1\u00e6tlun um orkun\u00fdtni <\/strong>(<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd SEEMP koma fram rekstrarlegar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir sem gripi\u00f0 er til \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta orkun\u00fdtni skipsins \u00e1 hagkv\u00e6man h\u00e1tt. SEEMP inniheldur bestu lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 reka skip \u00feannig a\u00f0 eldsneyti s\u00e9 vel n\u00fdtt og hvetur rekstrara\u00f0ila til a\u00f0 \u00edhuga n\u00fdja t\u00e6kni og lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 besta afk\u00f6st skipsins.\">SEEMP<\/span>, e. <u>s<\/u>hip <u>e<\/u>nergy <u>e<\/u>fficiency <u>m<\/u>anagement <u>p<\/u>lan). \u00de\u00e1 skal hafa um bor\u00f0 <strong>al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt orkun\u00fdtingarsk\u00edrteini<\/strong> (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"IEEC er l\u00f6gbundi\u00f0 sk\u00edrteini. \u00dea\u00f0 er gefi\u00f0 \u00fat \u00feegar \u00e1\u00e6tlun um orkun\u00fdtni og h\u00f6nnunarstu\u00f0ull fyrir orkun\u00fdtni (ef vi\u00f0 \u00e1) hafa veri\u00f0 vottu\u00f0.\">IEEC<\/span>, e. <u>i<\/u>nternational <u>e<\/u>nergy <u>e<\/u>fficiency <u>c<\/u>ertificate). \u00deessar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir eiga a\u00f0 minnka losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda vegna eldsneytis fr\u00e1 skipum verulega. \u00c1 m\u00f3ti kemur hins vegar a\u00f0 b\u00faist er vi\u00f0 talsver\u00f0um vexti \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum og \u00e1ratugum. \u00dev\u00ed hefur Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunin (IMO, e. International Maritime Organisation) sam\u00feykkt stefnu um a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda fr\u00e1 skipum um a\u00f0 minnsta kosti 50% fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 2050 mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2008. Stefnan ver\u00f0ur \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum. Fyrsta skrefi\u00f0 er a\u00f0 safna saman nau\u00f0synlegum uppl\u00fdsingum og \u00fev\u00ed eru \u00fatger\u00f0um st\u00f3rra skipa n\u00fa skyldugar til a\u00f0 <strong>skila \u00e1rlega inn uppl\u00fdsingum<\/strong> sem tengjast losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, m.a. n\u00e1kv\u00e6mum uppl\u00fdsingum um eldsneytisnotkun.<\/p>\n<h4>7.5.3. Loftmengun tengd bruna eldsneytis<\/h4>\n<p>Eldsneyti er brennt um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja a\u00f0alv\u00e9lar (sem dr\u00edfa skipi\u00f0 \u00e1fram) og lj\u00f3sav\u00e9lar (v\u00e9lar sem framlei\u00f0a m.a. rafmagn og hita um bor\u00f0). \u00deegar eldsneyti er brennt myndast margv\u00edsleg loftmengunarefni, s.s. kolm\u00f3nox\u00ed\u00f0 (CO), \u00f3brennd e\u00f0a illa brennd vetniskolefni (VOC, e. <u>v<\/u>olatile <u>o<\/u>rganic <u>c<\/u>ompounds), fj\u00f6lhringja ar\u00f3mat\u00edsk kolvetni (PAH, e. polyaromatic hydrocarbons), brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (SO<sub>2<\/sub>), k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0 (NO<sub>x<\/sub>), ryk (\u00fe.\u00e1 m. s\u00f3t), \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni (POP, e. <u>p<\/u>ersistent <u>o<\/u>rganic <u>p<\/u>ollutants) og \u00feungm\u00e1lmar (t.d. bl\u00fd (Pb), kadm\u00edum (Cd) og kvikasilfur (Hg)). \u00d6ll \u00feessi efni eru h\u00e6ttuleg heilsu f\u00f3lks en sum \u00feeirra hafa einnig margv\u00edsleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 umhverfi\u00f0 (tafla 7.1). Loftmengunarefni hafa mislangan l\u00edft\u00edma \u00ed andr\u00famslofti. \u00deau dreifast um andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 og styrkur \u00feeirra minnkar og\/e\u00f0a \u00feau ey\u00f0ast fyrir tilstilli n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ferla. \u00deannig hreinsast sum efnin \u00far andr\u00famslofti me\u00f0 regni e\u00f0a <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"Me\u00f0 \u00feurri \u00e1komu er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 mengunarefni falli \u00fat \u00far lofthj\u00fapnum og komist \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 jar\u00f0veg, vatn, sj\u00f3 e\u00f0a gr\u00f3\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 um \u00farkomu s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a.\">\u00feurri \u00e1komu<\/span>; \u00f6nnur efni, svo sem CO og VOC, oxast yfir \u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub> me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum. \u00ddmis loftmengunarefni geta umbreyst efnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og mynda\u00f0 \u00f6nnur loftmengunarefni. \u00deannig geta NO<sub>x<\/sub> og SO<sub>2<\/sub> hvarfast yfir \u00ed n\u00edtrat og s\u00falfat sem s\u00ed\u00f0an mynda \u00fa\u00f0aagnir \u00ed andr\u00famslofti. Eins taka VOC og NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed fl\u00f3knum efnahv\u00f6rfum og mynda \u00f3son vi\u00f0 yfirbor\u00f0 jar\u00f0ar \u00feegar hiti er h\u00e1r og s\u00f3larinngeislun mikil. Eins mikilv\u00e6gt og \u00f3son er \u00ed hei\u00f0hvolfi \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 myndar verndandi \u00f3sonlag, \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00fea\u00f0 ska\u00f0legt \u00ed ve\u00f0rahvolfi (sbr. t\u00f6flu 7.1 og mynd 7.12). Mynd 7.12 gefur yfirlit yfir heg\u00f0un helstu loftmengunarefna \u00ed andr\u00famslofti og \u00e1hrif \u00feeirra \u00e1 heilsu og umhverfi.<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/lasmogcrop.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2962\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/lasmogcrop-300x162.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/lasmogcrop-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/lasmogcrop.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/a>\u00d3son er s\u00e9rstakt loftmengunarefni. \u00d3son er ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri en myndast vi\u00f0 efnahv\u00f6rf annarra loftmengunarefna (VOC og NO<sub>x<\/sub>) \u00feegar hiti og s\u00f3larinngeislun eru n\u00e6gjanleg til a\u00f0 koma hv\u00f6rfunum af sta\u00f0. \u00c1 sl\u00edkum d\u00f6gum myndast einnig \u00f6nnur afleidd loftmengunarefni, s.s. PAN (perox\u00fdaset\u00fdln\u00edtrat) og \u00fa\u00f0aagnir. \u00dar ver\u00f0ur svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 mengunar\u00feoka (e. SMOG, (samsett \u00far <u>smo<\/u>ke (reyk) og f<u>og<\/u> (\u00feoku)), en h\u00fan er algeng \u00ed \u00fdmsum st\u00f3rborgum, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00fear sem mengun er mikil, s\u00f3larstundir margar og loft kyrrst\u00e6tt. \u00deetta \u00e1 m.a. vi\u00f0 um Los Angeles.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3288\" style=\"width: 1300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3288\" class=\"wp-image-3288 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1290\" height=\"717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1.png 1290w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1-1024x569.png 1024w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7.12u-1-768x427.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1290px) 100vw, 1290px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3288\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.12. Loftmengunarefni \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri, heg\u00f0un \u00feeirra \u00ed andr\u00famslofti og \u00e1hrif \u00feeirra \u00e1 heilsu og umhverfi.<\/p><\/div>\n<div>Sum loftmengunarefnin myndast vegna \u00f3fullkomins bruna, \u00f6nnur vegna \u00f3hreininda \u00ed eldsneytinu og k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0 myndast \u00feegar hitastig \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi er n\u00e6gjanlega h\u00e1tt til a\u00f0 <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"K\u00f6fnunarefni og s\u00farefni mynda samanlagt 99% af \u00feurru lofti (mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 r\u00famm\u00e1l). Hlutfall k\u00f6fnunarefnis er 78% og s\u00farefnis 21%.\">s\u00farefni og k\u00f6fnunarefni<\/span> andr\u00famsloftsins hvarfast saman (mynd 7.13). Meira magn k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a myndast \u00feegar eldsneyti er brennt um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipi en \u00feegar \u00fev\u00ed er brennt \u00ed b\u00edlum. \u00deetta m\u00e1 annars vegar rekja til \u00feess a\u00f0 hitastigi\u00f0 \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi er h\u00e6rra \u00ed skipum og hins vegar eru b\u00edlar \u00fatb\u00fanir hvarfak\u00fatum sem hreinsa st\u00e6rstan hluta k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0anna \u00far \u00fatbl\u00e6stri. \u00deegar ol\u00eda er brennd \u00e1 sj\u00f3 myndast meira magn af d\u00edox\u00edni en \u00feegar ol\u00eda er brennd \u00ed landi \u00fear sem brennslulofti\u00f0 (andr\u00famslofti\u00f0) inniheldur salt og \u00fear me\u00f0 kl\u00f3r. \u00der\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni og \u00feungm\u00e1lmar eru oftast bundin vi\u00f0 rykagnir \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri. \u00de\u00f3 getur kvikasilfur a.m.k. a\u00f0 hluta veri\u00f0 til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed gufuformi og losna\u00f0 \u00feannig. Umfj\u00f6llun um d\u00edox\u00edn og \u00f6nnur \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-4-mengun-af-voldum-manngerdra-efna-ser-i-lagi-thravirkra-lifraenna-efna\/\">5.4<\/a> og umfj\u00f6llun um \u00feungm\u00e1lma \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/10\/01\/5-3-mengun-af-voldum-thungmalma\/\">5.3<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<span id=\"tablepress-6-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-6\">Tafla 7.1. Loftmengunarefni sem myndast vegna bruna eldsneytis, \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur myndunar og \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu f\u00f3lks og umhverfi.<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-6\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-6\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-6-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Loftmengunarefni<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">\u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a myndunar<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Aflei\u00f0ingar<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">CO<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u00d3fullkominn bruni.  <br \/>\nCO er milliafur\u00f0 \u00feegar kolefni oxast yfir \u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub>. CO myndast \u00feegar hitastig er ekki n\u00f3gu h\u00e1tt, vi\u00f0verut\u00edmi \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi er of stuttur og \u00feegar s\u00farefnismagn er ekki n\u00e6gjanlegt.  <br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Binst hem\u00f3gl\u00f3b\u00edni \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0inu \u00f3afturkr\u00e6ft -> minni einbeiting, minnku\u00f0 afk\u00f6st, h\u00f6fu\u00f0verkur.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nBanv\u00e6nt \u00ed miklu magni.<br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">VOC (rokgj\u00f6rn l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni, s.s. ar\u00f3matar, alkanar, aldeh\u00fd\u00f0, ket\u00f3nar, vetnishal\u00f3kolefni)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u00d3fullkominn bruni, \u00f3n\u00f3g bl\u00f6ndun eldsneytis og lofts. Eldsneyti\u00f0 gufar upp og\/e\u00f0a oxast a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 hluta. \u00cd loftskorti getur term\u00edskt ni\u00f0urbrot leitt til myndunar vetniskolefna sem ekki voru til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed eldsneytinu \u00ed upphafi. <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Margv\u00edsleg \u00e1hrif eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a efni \u00e1 \u00ed hlut. M.a. erting augna og \u00f6ndunarf\u00e6ra. Sum eru krabbameinsvaldandi og\/e\u00f0a geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 taugakerfi. Vond lykt af sumum.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nEiga, \u00e1samt NOx, \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00f3sonmyndun \u00ed ve\u00f0rahvolfi vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k ve\u00f0urfarsskilyr\u00f0i.<br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PAH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u00d3fullkominn bruni. S\u00farefnisskortur vi\u00f0 bruna.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Krabbameinsvaldandi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">D\u00edox\u00edn <\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Bruni vi\u00f0 200-600\u00b0C \u00ed n\u00e6rveru kl\u00f3rs.  <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Me\u00f0al eitru\u00f0ustu efna sem \u00feekkt eru. Geta valdi\u00f0 kl\u00f3rb\u00f3lum. Valda skemmdum \u00e1 n\u00fdrum, lifur og taugakerfi. Krabbameinsvaldandi og horm\u00f3naraskandi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">S\u00f3t\/ryk \u2013 \u00fdmis efni, s.s. PAH og \u00feungm\u00e1lmar, sogast \u00e1 ryki\u00f0<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u00d3fullkominn bruni, \u00f3n\u00f3g bl\u00f6ndun eldnseytis og lofts. S\u00farefnisskortur lei\u00f0ir til term\u00edsks ni\u00f0urbrots, sem veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vetnisat\u00f3min klofna fr\u00e1 og s\u00f3t myndast. Ryki\u00f0, og s\u00f3t, inniheldur einnig \u00e1sogu\u00f0 l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni (t.d. d\u00edox\u00edn og PAH), m\u00e1lma (Pb, Cd) og a\u00f0rar agnir (NH<sub>4<\/sub>, NO<sub>3<\/sub>, Br, Cl).<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">D\u00edsils\u00f3t er krabbameinsvaldandi. Lungnagengar rykagnir eru \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu h\u00e6ttulegar. Ryki\u00f0 ertir \u00f6ndunarveginn. \u00c1sogu\u00f0 efni komast me\u00f0 ryk\u00f6gnunum ofan \u00ed \u00f6ndunarveginn og geta valdi\u00f0 \u00fear ska\u00f0a. F\u00ednar rykagnir geta borist \u00ed bl\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e1sina og haft \u00e1hrif heilann og \u00e1 hjarta- og \u00e6\u00f0akerfi\u00f0.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nS\u00f3t hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hl\u00fdnun jar\u00f0ar.<br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u00deungm\u00e1lmar \u2013 s.s. Pb, Cd, Hg<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Efni sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed vissu eldsneyti, b\u00e6\u00f0i sem \u00edbl\u00f6ndunarefni og eins af n\u00e1tt\u00farulegum v\u00f6ldum, losna me\u00f0 \u00fatbl\u00e6stri, \u00feegar eldsneyti er brennt.<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Margv\u00edsleg ska\u00f0leg \u00e1hrif, m.a. \u00e1 taugakerfi og n\u00fdru.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">SO<sub>2<\/sub> <\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Oxun brennisteins sem er \u00ed eldsneytinu. <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Ertir sl\u00edmh\u00fa\u00f0 \u00f6ndunarf\u00e6ra og augna. Veldur fj\u00f6lgun bronk\u00edtistilfella.  <br \/>\n<br \/>\nHvarfast yfir \u00ed SO<sub>3<\/sub> \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu og veldur s\u00farri \u00e1komu\/s\u00faru regni.  <br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">NOx (NO og NO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">NO myndast a\u00f0 mestu vi\u00f0 bruna k\u00f6fnunarefnis \u00far andr\u00famslofti vi\u00f0 mikinn hita \u00ed v\u00e9lum. Myndast einnig en \u00ed minna m\u00e6li vegna oxunar k\u00f6fnunarefnis sem eldsneyti\u00f0 inniheldur. NO oxast flj\u00f3tt yfir \u00ed NO<sub>2<\/sub> \u00ed andr\u00famslofti. <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Stu\u00f0lar a\u00f0 \u00f6ndunarf\u00e6rasj\u00fakd\u00f3mum og hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 lungnastarfsemi. Veldur s\u00farri \u00e1komu\/s\u00faru regni.  <br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00c1 - \u00e1samt VOC - \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00f3sonmyndun \u00ed ve\u00f0rahvolfi vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k ve\u00f0urfarsskilyr\u00f0i.<br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u00d3son<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Myndast vi\u00f0 lj\u00f3sefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg hv\u00f6rf k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a og vetniskolefna.  <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 lungnastarfsemi (\u00f6ndunarerfi\u00f0leikar, astmatilfelli), ertir augu. <br \/>\n<br \/>\nHefur neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 gr\u00f3\u00f0ur og uppskeru. <br \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-6 from cache --><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\u00c1 6. og 7. \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar ur\u00f0u v\u00edsindamenn varir vi\u00f0 verulegan samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed fj\u00f6lda fiska og jafnvel fiskidau\u00f0a \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0uv\u00f6tnum \u00ed Skandinav\u00edu, nor\u00f0austurhluta Bandar\u00edkjanna og Kanada. \u00cd \u00f6llum tilvikum kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 s\u00fart regn haf\u00f0i breytt efnasamsetningu <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mengandiloft.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2973 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mengandiloft-300x223.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mengandiloft-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mengandiloft-768x570.jpg 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mengandiloft-1024x760.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>st\u00f6\u00f0uvatnanna. Rigningin haf\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00far (<span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"E\u00f0lilegt s\u00fdrustig rigningar er um 5,5.\">pH &lt; 5<\/span>) vegna mengunarefna \u00ed andr\u00famslofti. K\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0 (NO<sub>x<\/sub>) og brennsteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 (SO<sub>2<\/sub>), sem myndast vegna eldsneytisbrennslu, geta fer\u00f0ast langar lei\u00f0ir \u00ed andr\u00famsloftinu. \u00deau leysast svo upp \u00ed vatnsdropum \u00ed andr\u00famslofti og mynda s\u00fdru (saltp\u00e9turs\u00fdru (HNO<sub>3<\/sub>) og brennisteinss\u00fdru (H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>)) sem fellur svo me\u00f0 \u00farkomu til jar\u00f0ar. \u00dea\u00f0an kemur nafni\u00f0 s\u00fart regn, en mengunarefnin geta einnig falli\u00f0 til jar\u00f0ar me\u00f0 \u00feurri \u00e1komu. S\u00fdrustig st\u00f6\u00f0uvatna og jar\u00f0vegs, sem ver\u00f0ur fyrir s\u00faru regni, l\u00e6kkar. \u00c1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki m\u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i rekja til breytinga \u00e1 s\u00fdrustigi og til aukinnar uppleysingar \u00fdmissa m\u00e1lma (s.s. \u00e1ls) \u00far jar\u00f0vegi. S\u00fart regn hefur einnig \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r skemmdir \u00e1 gr\u00f3\u00f0ri og byggingum \u2013 s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi g\u00f6mlum byggingum me\u00f0 marmaraskreytingum. Vegna \u00e1hrifa s\u00fars regns \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0uv\u00f6tn og sk\u00f3ga hefur veri\u00f0 gripi\u00f0 til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a til a\u00f0 draga verulega \u00far \u00fatbl\u00e6stri \u00feessara efna (s\u00e9rstaklega brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s, en losun \u00feess dr\u00f3st saman um 80% \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu fr\u00e1 1970 til 2010).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Magn og samsetning loftmengunarefnanna sem myndast vi\u00f0 brennslu eldsneytis um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum er h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fdmsum \u00fe\u00e1ttum, svo sem tegund, st\u00e6r\u00f0, afli, aldri og vi\u00f0haldi v\u00e9la. \u00de\u00e1 skiptir tegund eldsneytis miklu m\u00e1li, sem og hitastig \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi og hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 hvers konar mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0ur er um bor\u00f0. \u00cd al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum eru svartol\u00eda og gasol\u00eda mest notu\u00f0u ol\u00edutegundirnar (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar um ol\u00eduhreinsun \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-6-oliuhreinsun-i-oliuhreinsistod\/\">2.6<\/a> og eiginleika ol\u00edu \u00ed kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-7-eiginleikar-oliu\/\">2.7<\/a>). \u00deungar ol\u00edur eins og svartol\u00eda innihalda mun meira af a\u00f0skotaefnum (brennisteini og \u00feungm\u00e1lmum) en l\u00e9ttari ol\u00edur (gasol\u00eda). Sum skip ganga fyrir flj\u00f3tandi jar\u00f0ol\u00edugasi (LPG, sj\u00e1 kafla <a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2017\/09\/18\/2-6-oliuhreinsun-i-oliuhreinsistod\/\">2.6<\/a>) e\u00f0a flj\u00f3tandi jar\u00f0gasi (LNG, e. <u>L<\/u>iquified <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">N<\/span>atural <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">G<\/span>as, sem sagt flj\u00f3tandi metangas) en sl\u00edkt eldsneyti inniheldur mj\u00f6g l\u00edti\u00f0 af a\u00f0skotaefnum.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2975\" style=\"width: 1735px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2975\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2975\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1725\" height=\"642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13.png 1725w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13-768x286.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_13-1024x381.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1725px) 100vw, 1725px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2975\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.13. \u00de\u00e6ttir sem hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 myndun loftmengunar vegna eldsneytisbrennslu um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Vi\u00f0auki VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL inniheldur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a og brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s vi\u00f0 brennslu eldsneytis. \u00dear kemur fram hva\u00f0a \u00e1rangri skuli n\u00e1\u00f0 en \u00fatger\u00f0ir geta vali\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r lei\u00f0ir sem \u00feeim henta til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun. Auk \u00feess a\u00f0 sinna e\u00f0lilegu vi\u00f0haldi og endurn\u00fdjun er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til \u00fdmissa a\u00f0ger\u00f0a, s.s.:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Skipta um eldsneyti. St\u00f3r hluti \u00feess eldsneytis sem nota\u00f0 er \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingum er af frekar l\u00e9legum g\u00e6\u00f0um og inniheldur miki\u00f0 magn brennisteins og annarra a\u00f0skotaefna. Auk \u00feess myndast mun meira s\u00f3t \u00feegar l\u00e1gg\u00e6\u00f0aeldsneyti er brennt. Svartol\u00eda er sem sagt miki\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum enda yfirleitt mun \u00f3d\u00fdrari en gasol\u00eda. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi hefur svartol\u00eda veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 a\u00f0 hluta \u00e1 fiskiskipaflotann \u00fe\u00f3 mestmegnis hafi veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 gasol\u00eda. Engin svartol\u00eda hefur veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00e1 fiskiskip s\u00ed\u00f0an 2020. Miki\u00f0 er r\u00e6tt um orkuskipti \u00ed skipum um \u00feessar mundir, a\u00f0allega \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 loftslagsm\u00e1l. \u00ddmsir m\u00f6guleikar eru \u00ed athugun og veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 prufukeyra a\u00f0ra orkugjafa, s.s. rafmagn, ammon\u00edak, metan\u00f3l o.fl. Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem g\u00e6\u00f0i eldsneytis aukast mun loftmengun minnka.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e6ta v\u00e9larh\u00f6nnun, b\u00fana\u00f0 fyrir innsprautun eldsneytis og rafr\u00e6na t\u00edmasetningu. \u00deetta b\u00e6tir orkun\u00fdtni (og \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur losun kold\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s minni) og dregur \u00far myndun svifryks og rokgjarnra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna.<\/li>\n<li>Endurhringr\u00e1sa \u00fatbl\u00e1sturslofti, \u00fe.e. lei\u00f0a hluta \u00fatbl\u00e1stursins aftur inn \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi\u00f0. \u00deannig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 minnka NO<sub>x<\/sub> um 10-30%. Einnig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sprauta vatni (sj\u00f3) inn \u00ed brunah\u00f3lfi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kka hitastigi\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 draga \u00far myndun NO<sub>x<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>Nota s\u00e9rt\u00e6ka afoxun me\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00e1n hvata. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00fevagefni, og \u00ed sumum tilfellum hvata, b\u00e6tt \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e1sturinn \u00e1\u00f0ur en hann fer \u00fat um strompinn. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 afoxast NO<sub>x<\/sub> \u00ed hreint k\u00f6fnunarefni (N<sub>2<\/sub>) og vatn (H<sub>2<\/sub>O). Ef hvati er nota\u00f0ur er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a um 85-95% en um 75-95% ef ekki er nota\u00f0ur hvati. \u00deessi t\u00e6kni er enn \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3un og er ekki miki\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed skipum enn sem komi\u00f0 er.<\/li>\n<li>Nota vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0 (sj\u00f3\u00fevegil (e. sea water scrubber)). \u00cd vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0inum er sj\u00f3r nota\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 \u00fevo \u00fatbl\u00e1sturinn og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 dregur b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far losun ryks\/s\u00f3ts og brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s (og \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far losun k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a). Til eru tv\u00e6r meginger\u00f0ir af vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0i (sj\u00e1 mynd 7.14) \u2013 annars vegar b\u00fana\u00f0ur me\u00f0 opna hringr\u00e1s og hins vegar b\u00fana\u00f0ur me\u00f0 loka\u00f0a hringr\u00e1s. Opin hringr\u00e1s hefur \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r losun skolvatnsins \u00ed sj\u00f3. Auk \u00feess a\u00f0 innihalda h\u00e6ttuleg efni s.s. \u00feungm\u00e1lma, s\u00f3t og PAH, getur sl\u00edk losun l\u00e6kka\u00f0 s\u00fdrustig sj\u00e1var sta\u00f0bundi\u00f0 \u00fear sem losun \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0, leitt til hitastigsh\u00e6kkunar og aukins gruggs). Sj\u00f3\u00feveglar eru frekar \u00f3d\u00fdrir \u00ed uppsetningu og rekstri og \u00fev\u00ed oft teknir fram yfir \u00feann kost a\u00f0 skipta um eldsneyti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_2976\" style=\"width: 1606px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2976\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2976\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1596\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14.png 1596w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14-768x260.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_14-1024x346.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1596px) 100vw, 1596px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2976\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.14. Vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0ur (sj\u00f3\u00fevegill) me\u00f0 opna hringr\u00e1s (vinstra megin) og loka\u00f0a hringr\u00e1s (h\u00e6gra megin).<\/p><\/div>\n<h5><span class=\"arrow-pg\"><\/span>\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a<\/h5>\n<p>\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0auka VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL var\u00f0andi losun k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a tekur til skipa me\u00f0 d\u00edsilv\u00e9lar me\u00f0 meiri afk\u00f6st en 130 kW (k\u00edl\u00f3v\u00f6tt) ef \u00feau hafa veri\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0u\u00f0 (e\u00f0a veri\u00f0 breytt miki\u00f0) eftir 1. jan\u00faar 2000. M\u00f6rk fyrir NOx er skipt \u00ed \u00ferep og mi\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 aldur skipa og sn\u00faningshra\u00f0a v\u00e9larinnar (sj\u00e1 mynd 7.15). \u00derep 3 gildir fyrir skip sem sm\u00ed\u00f0u\u00f0 eru eftir 1. jan\u00faar 2016, eru st\u00e6rri en 500 br\u00fatt\u00f3tonn e\u00f0a lengri en 24 metrar, og sigla \u00e1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um fyrir k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0 (NECA, e. <u>n<\/u>itrogen <u>e<\/u>mission <u>c<\/u>ontrol <u>a<\/u>rea). Sem stendur eru s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0in vi\u00f0 N-Amer\u00edku og Kar\u00edbahaf skilgreind sem NECA-sv\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2021 munu Eystrasalt og Nor\u00f0ursj\u00f3r ver\u00f0a NECA-sv\u00e6\u00f0i og mun \u00ferep 3 gilda fyrir skip sem sigla \u00fear um og eru sm\u00ed\u00f0u\u00f0 eftir \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021. \u00cd loftmengunarvarnask\u00edrteini (EIAPP, e. <u>e<\/u>ngine <u>i<\/u>nternational <u>a<\/u>ir <u>p<\/u>ollution <u>p<\/u>revention certificate) sem vera \u00fearf um bor\u00f0, kemur fram \u00e1 hvern h\u00e1tt v\u00e9larnar uppfylla kr\u00f6fur vi\u00f0aukans.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2977\" style=\"width: 1707px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2977\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2977\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1697\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15.png 1697w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15-768x247.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_15-1024x329.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1697px) 100vw, 1697px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.15. Vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 m\u00f6rk fyrir NOx \u00ed g\/kWh mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 sn\u00faningshra\u00f0a v\u00e9lar. H\u00e6gra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 losun NOx er v\u00ed\u00f0a mikil \u00ed borgum \u2013 siglingar eru hins vegar mikilv\u00e6g uppspretta k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0a og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 greinilega mikla losun \u00e1 helstu siglingalei\u00f0um.<\/p><\/div>\n<h5><span class=\"arrow-pg\"><\/span>\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s<\/h5>\n<p>Magn brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0s \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri skipa er beintengt magni brennisteins \u00ed eldsneyti. Auk \u00feess hefur magn brennisteins \u00e1hrif \u00e1 myndun agna. Leyfilegt magn brennisteins \u00ed skipaeldsneyti hefur fari\u00f0 l\u00e6kkandi s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1r, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed t\u00f6flu 7.2 og \u00e1 mynd 7.16, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 almennum hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um og s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um. Tilgangurinn er a\u00f0 draga b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far \u00fatbl\u00e6stri SO<sub>2<\/sub> og ryks\/s\u00f3ts.<\/p>\n<span id=\"tablepress-7-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-7\">Tafla 7.2. \u00der\u00f3un h\u00e1marksmagns brennisteins \u00ed skipaeldsneyti til notkunar \u00e1 heimsh\u00f6funum annars vegar og \u00e1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um hins vegar (skv. vi\u00f0auka VI vi\u00f0 MARPOL). <\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-7\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-7\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-7-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Heimsh\u00f6fin<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">S\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0i<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4,50% (til 1.1.2012)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,50% (til 1.7.2010)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">3,50% (fr\u00e1 1.1.2012)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1,00% (fr\u00e1 1.7.2010)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">0,50% (fr\u00e1 1.1.2020)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0,10% (fr\u00e1 1.1.2015)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-7 from cache -->\n<div id=\"attachment_2981\" style=\"width: 1086px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2981\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2981\" src=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1076\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16.png 1076w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16-768x379.png 768w, https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd7_16-1024x505.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1076px) 100vw, 1076px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2981\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mynd 7.16. \u00der\u00f3un h\u00e1marksmagns brennisteins \u00ed skipaeldsneyti til notkunar \u00e1 heimsh\u00f6funum annars vegar og \u00e1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um hins vegar.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00c1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um er leyfilegt h\u00e1marksmagn brennisteins \u00ed ol\u00edu 0,10%. Sem fyrr segir er st\u00f3r hluti \u00feess eldsneytis sem nota\u00f0 er \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingum af frekar l\u00e9legum g\u00e6\u00f0um, \u00fe.e. inniheldur miki\u00f0 magn brennisteins og annarra a\u00f0skotaefna. Skip sem sigla inn \u00e1 s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0i og nota alla jafna eldsneyti sem inniheldur meiri brennistein en \u00fear er leyfilegt, \u00feurfa \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skipta um eldsneyti. Skiptin \u00feurfa a\u00f0 fara fram nokkru \u00e1\u00f0ur en komi\u00f0 er a\u00f0 m\u00f6rkum s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0is til a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 brenna eldsneyti sem inniheldur brennistein yfir leyfilegum m\u00f6rkum \u00feegar komi\u00f0 er inn \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0. Ekki m\u00e1 skipta til baka yfir \u00ed l\u00e9legra eldsneyti fyrr en komi\u00f0 er \u00fat af s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00deegar skipt er um eldsneyti skal skr\u00e1 uppl\u00fdsingar um skiptin \u00e1samt dagsetningu og sta\u00f0setningu skipsins \u00ed v\u00e9lardagb\u00f3k og\/e\u00f0a ol\u00edudagb\u00f3k.<\/p>\n<p>Leyfilegt er a\u00f0 nota vi\u00f0urkenndan hreinsib\u00fana\u00f0 til a\u00f0 hreinsa brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0 \u00far \u00fatbl\u00e6stri. Soranum, sem myndast vi\u00f0 hreinsunina, skal skila \u00ed m\u00f3tt\u00f6kust\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed landi.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land er \u00ed gildi <a href=\"https:\/\/island.is\/reglugerdir\/nr\/0124-2015\">regluger\u00f0 nr. 124\/2015<\/a> um brennisteinsinnihald \u00ed tilteknu flj\u00f3tandi eldsneyti. \u00dear kemur fram a\u00f0 til \u00e1rsins 2020 skyldi brennisteinsinnihald \u00ed eldsneyti sem nota\u00f0 var \u00ed skipum og b\u00e1tum h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi og \u00ed mengunarl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00cdslands a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki vera 3,50% og \u00ed far\u00feegaskipum sem sigla milli evr\u00f3pskra hafna skyldi brennisteinsinnihaldi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e1marki vera 1,50%. Fr\u00e1 1. jan\u00faar 2020 l\u00e6kka\u00f0i h\u00e1marksbrennisteinsinnihaldi\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed 0,50% (\u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 t\u00f6flu 7.2). \u00c1 sama t\u00edma var h\u00e1marksbrennisteinsinnihald eldsneytis \u00ed landhelgi \u00cdslands l\u00e6kka\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00ed 0,10%. Leyfilegt er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 nota eldsneyti me\u00f0 h\u00e6rra brennisteinsinnihaldi ef um bor\u00f0 er <span class=\"tooltips \" style=\"\" title=\"\u00cd dr\u00f6gum a\u00f0 breytingu a\u00f0 regluger\u00f0inni, sem kynnt var \u00ed samr\u00e1\u00f0sg\u00e1tt stj\u00f3rnvalda og var\u00f0 a\u00f0 regluger\u00f0 nr. 1084\/2019 var mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 &lt;em&gt;vi\u00f0urkenndar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far losun \u00ed loku\u00f0u kerfi.&lt;\/em&gt;\">vi\u00f0urkenndur<\/span> hreinsib\u00fana\u00f0ur. Samkv\u00e6mt regluger\u00f0inni eru b\u00e6\u00f0i vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0ur me\u00f0 opinni og vothreinsib\u00fana\u00f0ur me\u00f0 loka\u00f0ri hringr\u00e1s vi\u00f0urkenndur hreinsib\u00fana\u00f0ur. S\u00e9 brennisteinsinnihald\u00f0 meira en 3,50% er \u00fe\u00f3 einungis heimilt a\u00f0 nota vi\u00f0urkenndar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00ed loku\u00f0u kerfi. \u00cd regluger\u00f0inni kemur einnig fram a\u00f0 til a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 b\u00e6ttum loftg\u00e6\u00f0um og draga \u00far mengun skuli skip sem liggja vi\u00f0 bryggju nota rafmagn \u00far landi \u00ed sta\u00f0 skipaeldsneytis eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem kostur er. S\u00e9 ekki m\u00f6guleiki \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota rafmagn \u00far landi skulu skip sem liggja vi\u00f0 bryggju \u00ed h\u00f6fnum landsins ekki nota skipaeldsneyti me\u00f0 meira brennisteinsinnihald en 0,10% (m\/m) ef \u00feau stoppa lengur en \u00ed 2 klukkustundir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eldsneytisbrennsla um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum hefur \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r losun \u00fdmissa loftmengunarefna sem geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu manna og umhverfi. Auk \u00feess getur notkun \u00f3soney\u00f0andi efna og gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda \u00e1 k\u00e6likerfi (og \u00e1\u00f0ur fyrr \u00e1 brunavarnakerfi) um bor\u00f0 \u00ed <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-5-loftmengun\/\">Lesa meira&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1005,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7-umhverfisahrifsiglinga"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2573","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2573"}],"version-history":[{"count":52,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2573\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4090,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2573\/revisions\/4090"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2573"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2573"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2573"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}