{"id":2575,"date":"2019-07-28T06:00:35","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T06:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2575"},"modified":"2021-02-20T22:26:33","modified_gmt":"2021-02-20T22:26:33","slug":"7-6-flutningur-framandi-lifvera-milli-hafsvaeda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/07\/28\/7-6-flutningur-framandi-lifvera-milli-hafsvaeda\/","title":{"rendered":"7.6 Flutningur framandi l\u00edfvera milli hafsv\u00e6\u00f0a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u00fe\u00fasundir \u00e1ra notu\u00f0u menn grj\u00f3t, sand e\u00f0a m\u00e1lma sem kj\u00f6lfestu til a\u00f0 auka st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika skipa \u00ed siglingum \u00e1 \u00fathafi. N\u00fa til dags eru skip hins vegar h\u00f6nnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 tanka \u00fear sem sj\u00f3rinn gegnir hlutverki kj\u00f6lfestu. Me\u00f0 d\u00e6lingu \u00ed og \u00far \u00feessum t\u00f6nkum er magni kj\u00f6lfestuvatns stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra hle\u00f0slu skipsins. \u00c1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum hafa \u00e1hyggjur aukist af dreifingu l\u00edfvera milli hafsv\u00e6\u00f0a me\u00f0 losun kj\u00f6lfestuvatns.<\/p>\n

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Mynd 7.17. \u00deegar farmtankar eru affermdir \u00ed vi\u00f0komuh\u00f6fn og ekki fermdir a\u00f0 n\u00fdju er kj\u00f6lfestuvatn teki\u00f0 til a\u00f0 tryggja st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika skipsins. Skipi\u00f0 siglir s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 n\u00e6sta \u00e1fangasta\u00f0 me\u00f0 t\u00f3ma farmtanka en lesta\u00f0a kj\u00f6lfestutanka. \u00deegar farmtankar eru fylltir a\u00f0 n\u00fdju er kj\u00f6lfestuvatni\u00f0 losa\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi h\u00f6fn. \u00deegar farmtankar eru fullir eru kj\u00f6lfestutankarnir l\u00edtt lesta\u00f0ir e\u00f0a t\u00f3mir.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u00deegar skip tekur kj\u00f6lfestuvatn \u00ed h\u00f6fnum fylgja me\u00f0 alls konar l\u00edfverur, s.s. bakter\u00edur, egg, lirfur, svif og jafnvel heilu hryggd\u00fdrin. Auk \u00feess getur set og n\u00e6ringarefni sem \u00feyrlast upp af botninum fylgt me\u00f0 \u00ed kj\u00f6lfestutankana. Skipi\u00f0 losar kj\u00f6lfestuvatni\u00f0 \u00feegar farmtankarnir eru fermdir \u00ed vi\u00f0komuh\u00f6fn og \u00fe\u00e1 sleppa l\u00edfverurnar \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0 \u00fear. Ef a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00e1 n\u00fdja sta\u00f0num eru heppilegar geta l\u00edfverur sest \u00fear a\u00f0 og eignast \u00fear me\u00f0 n\u00fd heimkynni. Stundum eiga l\u00edfverurnar enga n\u00e1tt\u00farulega \u00f3vini \u00e1 n\u00fdja sta\u00f0num og geta \u00fe\u00e1 fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 s\u00e9r hratt me\u00f0 tilheyrandi \u00e1hrifum \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki, fiskvei\u00f0ar og afkomu \u00edb\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lmargar tegundir l\u00edfvera hafa flust \u00e1 milli sta\u00f0a me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni og v\u00ed\u00f0a hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 tj\u00f3n \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki sj\u00e1var af \u00feeirra v\u00f6ldum. Vandinn \u00fearf \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 vera bundinn vi\u00f0 l\u00edfr\u00edki sj\u00e1var. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna gula kr\u00e6klinga<\/em> (e. golden mussel) en heimkynni \u00feeirra eru vi\u00f0 strendur K\u00edna. Gulir kr\u00e6klingar b\u00e1rust upp \u00far 1990 me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni til Argent\u00ednu og \u00fea\u00f0an \u00e1fram til Brasil\u00edu. \u00deeir hafa n\u00fa borist langt inn \u00ed land \u00ed Brasil\u00edu. Guli kr\u00e6klingurinn er ferskvatnskr\u00e6klingur sem fj\u00f6lgar s\u00e9r gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega hratt og \u00e1 enga n\u00e1tt\u00farulega \u00f3vini \u00ed \u00feessum n\u00fdju heimkynnum. Hann leggst m.a. \u00e1 pl\u00f6ntur og botnl\u00edf st\u00f6\u00f0uvatna og flj\u00f3ta. Pl\u00f6nturnar kafna og hrygningarsv\u00e6\u00f0i fiska minnkar. \u00c1 flestum sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem guli kr\u00e6klingurinn hefur n\u00e1\u00f0 f\u00f3tfestu hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 hrun \u00ed fiskistofnum. Auk \u00feess sest kr\u00e6klingurinn \u00e1 lei\u00f0slur, d\u00e6lur og hverfla vatnsaflsvirkjana. N\u00fa \u00fearf a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va rekstur virkjana til a\u00f0 hreinsa b\u00fana\u00f0inn mun oftar en \u00e1\u00f0ur \u2013 me\u00f0 tilheyrandi straumleysi \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00e1 \u00feeim a\u00f0ger\u00f0um stendur.<\/p>\n

Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um \u00e1genga tegund \u00ed n\u00fdjum heimkynnum er kambhvelja. Kambhveljan hefur mikla a\u00f0l\u00f6gunarh\u00e6fni var\u00f0andi hitastig og seltustig sj\u00e1var. H\u00fan getur lifa\u00f0 af \u00ed margar vikur \u00e1n f\u00e6\u00f0u sem gerir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 h\u00fan getur borist langa lei\u00f0 me\u00f0 skipum og lifa\u00f0 fer\u00f0ina af. \u00deegar tegundin f\u00e6r s\u00ed\u00f0an f\u00e6\u00f0i fj\u00f6lgar h\u00fan s\u00e9r svo hratt a\u00f0 magn hennar getur tv\u00f6faldast \u00e1 s\u00f3larhring. Kambhvelja barst me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni fr\u00e1 str\u00f6ndum Amer\u00edku til Svartahafs upp \u00far 1980 og \u00fea\u00f0an til Kasp\u00edahafs. \u00dear hefur h\u00fan valdi\u00f0 hruni fiskistofna sem hafa veri\u00f0 undirsta\u00f0a fyrir fiskvei\u00f0ar \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Einnig m\u00e1 nefna k\u00f3ngakrabba sem dreifst hefur me\u00f0fram str\u00f6ndum Noregs og valdi\u00f0 mikilli r\u00f6skun \u00e1 vistkerfinu.<\/p>\n

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Mynd 7.18. \u00c1gengar tegundir sem berast me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni. Til vinstri m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 kambhvelju, \u00e1 mi\u00f0myndinni gula kr\u00e6klinginn og til h\u00e6gri k\u00f3ngakrabba.<\/p><\/div>\n

Lengi var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 innflutningur l\u00edfvera me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni v\u00e6ri ekki miki\u00f0 vandam\u00e1l h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land. Flest skip, sem hinga\u00f0 komu, fluttu v\u00f6rur til landsins. Skipin voru \u00fev\u00ed lestu\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed ekki oft \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir a\u00f0 losa kj\u00f6lfestuvatn h\u00e9r. Meirihluti varanna kemur auk \u00feess fr\u00e1 hl\u00fdrri sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u2013 sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00edfverur sem hugsanlega g\u00e6tu borist me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni g\u00e6tu \u00e1tt erfitt uppdr\u00e1ttar h\u00e9r. Auk \u00feess er fj\u00f6ldi l\u00edfvera h\u00e9r hugsanlega minni, f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0jurnar einfaldari og \u00fev\u00ed erfi\u00f0ara fyrir stakar l\u00edfverur a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r f\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga s\u00e9r og dafna. Me\u00f0 vaxandi alheimsv\u00e6\u00f0ingu og aukinni i\u00f0na\u00f0arstarfsemi, sem og vegna hl\u00fdnunar sj\u00e1var, er l\u00edklegra en \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 skip sigli hinga\u00f0 til lands fr\u00e1 fjarl\u00e6gum heimshlutum og losi \u00e1 grunns\u00e6vi kj\u00f6lfestuvatn me\u00f0 l\u00edfverum sem geta dafna\u00f0 h\u00e9r. Sta\u00f0fest er a\u00f0 allnokkrar tegundir hafi borist hinga\u00f0 me\u00f0 skipum. \u00c1hrif grj\u00f3tkrabba, flundru og gl\u00e6rm\u00f6ttuls eru til a\u00f0 mynda vel merkjanleg.<\/p>\n

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Mynd 7.19. Grj\u00f3tkrabbi (til vinstri), flundra (\u00ed mi\u00f0junni) og gl\u00e6rm\u00f6ttull (til h\u00e6gri) eru allt framandi tegundir sem hafa n\u00e1\u00f0 talsver\u00f0ri \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land.<\/p><\/div>\n

Ekki er einfalt a\u00f0 hindra flutning l\u00edfvera me\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er st\u00e6r\u00f0 og e\u00f0li l\u00edfveranna mj\u00f6g breytileg, allt fr\u00e1 \u00f6rverum, veirum og sm\u00e1s\u00e6jum \u00fe\u00f6rungum upp \u00ed margs konar krabbad\u00fdr, fiska og st\u00e6rri pl\u00f6ntur. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi geta l\u00edfverur lagst \u00ed dvala \u00ed seti \u00ed kj\u00f6lfestut\u00f6nkum um lengri t\u00edma og vakna\u00f0 upp vi\u00f0 hentugar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feegar \u00feeim hefur skola\u00f0 \u00fat.<\/p>\n

\u00cd samningi um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar kafla 8.3) sem samsta\u00f0a n\u00e1\u00f0ist um \u00e1 fundi Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunarinnar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2004 eru tilgreindar tv\u00e6r megina\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 framangreint vandam\u00e1l. Annars vegar skulu skip hafa um bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenndan b\u00fana\u00f0 sem hreinsar kj\u00f6lfestuvatni\u00f0 upp a\u00f0 tilgreindu marki me\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem ekki hafa \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r ska\u00f0leg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 umhverfi hafsins. Hafi skip hins vegar ekki sl\u00edkan b\u00fana\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 skal skipta um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn \u00e1 r\u00famsj\u00f3 \u00fear sem l\u00edti\u00f0 er af l\u00edfi og \u00fev\u00ed minni l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00edfverur berist milli strandsv\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00de\u00e1 er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 a.m.k. \u00ferefalt r\u00famm\u00e1l kj\u00f6lfestutanka streymi \u00ed gegn um \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1 lei\u00f0inni milli hafna. Ef sl\u00edk a\u00f0ger\u00f0 er \u00f3framkv\u00e6manleg, t.d. vegna ve\u00f0urs, er m\u00e6lt me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00edki skipuleggi s\u00e9rst\u00f6k kj\u00f6lfestulosunarsv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear sem a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur eru sl\u00edkar a\u00f0 l\u00edtil \u00e1h\u00e6tta er talin \u00e1 ska\u00f0legum \u00e1hrifum vegna l\u00edfvera sem \u00fear er sleppt. Einnig er m\u00f6guleiki \u00e1 a\u00f0 losa kj\u00f6lfestu \u00ed \u00fear til ger\u00f0a tanka vi\u00f0 hafnir \u00fear sem l\u00edfi ver\u00f0ur eytt ef \u00feurfa \u00feykir.<\/p>\n

\u00cdsland hefur ekki fullgilt samninginn um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn. H\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land er \u00ed gildi regluger\u00f0 nr. 515\/2010 um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn, \u00fear sem fram kemur a\u00f0 losun kj\u00f6lfestuvatns s\u00e9 b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land nema vatni\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0urkenndan h\u00e1tt og a\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipum skuli vera kj\u00f6lfestu\u00e1\u00e6tlun<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0og kj\u00f6lfestudagb\u00f3k<\/strong><\/span>. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00fear a\u00f0 finna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um t\u00f6ku kj\u00f6lfestuvatns, en mi\u00f0a\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 kj\u00f6lfestuvatn s\u00e9 ekki<\/u> teki\u00f0:<\/p>\n