{"id":2592,"date":"2019-08-07T01:00:20","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T01:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2592"},"modified":"2024-10-21T22:38:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T22:38:36","slug":"8-althjodasamningar-um-mengun-fra-skipum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/08\/07\/8-althjodasamningar-um-mengun-fra-skipum\/","title":{"rendered":"8. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar"},"content":{"rendered":"

8.1 Inngangur<\/h4>\n

Verndun hafsins gegn mengun, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. fr\u00e1 skipum, er a\u00f0 verulegu leyti al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt vi\u00f0fangsefni enda berast mengunarefni \u00f3hindra\u00f0 yfir landam\u00e6ri og l\u00f6gs\u00f6gum\u00f6rk<\/span> \u00e1 hafinu. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar skipta \u00fev\u00ed miklu m\u00e1li fyrir verndun hafsins gegn mengun, m.a. samningar sem fjalla um losun mengunarefna \u00ed haf og loft, h\u00f6nnun og mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0 skipa og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 br\u00e1\u00f0amengun hafs og stranda. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar sem var\u00f0a siglinga\u00f6ryggi, \u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00e1hafna og lei\u00f0arstj\u00f3rnun koma einnig a\u00f0 gagni vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun fr\u00e1 skipum, enda dregur \u00f6rugg fer\u00f0 skipa um heimsins h\u00f6f \u00far h\u00e6ttunni \u00e1 mengunarslysum.<\/p>\n

\u00cdsland tekur \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed margv\u00edslegu al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu og sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundnu samstarfi til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun hafsins og hefur fullgilt \u00fdmsa al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamninga \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i. En hva\u00f0 eru al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar? Hvernig ver\u00f0a \u00feeir til og hvernig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnendur skipa fylgi kr\u00f6fum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamninga um mengunarvarnir?<\/p>\n

Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar eru ein af helstu r\u00e9ttarheimildum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttarins<\/span>. \u00deeir eru gjarnan sam\u00feykktir e\u00f0a undirrita\u00f0ir \u00e1 r\u00edkjar\u00e1\u00f0stefnum um tiltekin m\u00e1lefni e\u00f0a \u00e1 vettvangi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnana eins og Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunarinnar.<\/p>\n

Til \u00feess a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningur \u00f6\u00f0list gildi \u00fearf vanalega \u00e1kve\u00f0inn fj\u00f6ldi r\u00edkja a\u00f0 fullgilda samninginn, \u00fe.e.a.s. l\u00fdsa yfir me\u00f0 formlegri tilkynningu a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki vilji eiga a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 honum. Auk \u00feess m\u00e6la samningarnir oft fyrir um fleiri skilyr\u00f0i fyrir gildist\u00f6ku. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningur um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2004 setur t.d. eftirfarandi skilyr\u00f0i: a) fullgildingar hafi borist fr\u00e1 a.m.k. 30 r\u00edkjum og b) vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki s\u00e9u samanlagt \u00e1byrg fyrir a.m.k. 35% af samanl\u00f6g\u00f0um kaupskipaflota heims, m\u00e6lt \u00ed br\u00fatt\u00f3tonnum. Auk \u00feess \u00feurftu 12 m\u00e1nu\u00f0ir a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0a fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tilskildum fj\u00f6lda fullgildinga var n\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fear til samningurinn t\u00e6ki gildi. \u00derett\u00e1n \u00e1r t\u00f3k a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00feessi skilyr\u00f0i og t\u00f3k samningurinn gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mynd 8.1. Hafi\u00f0. Mengun \u00ed hafinu vir\u00f0ir ekki l\u00f6gs\u00f6gum\u00f6rk.<\/p><\/div>\n

Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar binda yfirleitt a\u00f0eins \u00feau r\u00edki sem hafa fullgilt vi\u00f0komandi samning. \u00de\u00f3 eru d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 r\u00edki ver\u00f0i bundin af efni al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamnings \u00e1n fullgildingar. Til d\u00e6mis er vi\u00f0urkennt a\u00f0 flest \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans, m.a. \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in um vernd hafsins, hafi st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarvenju<\/span> og bindi \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00f6ll r\u00edki \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort \u00feau hafi gerst a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 samningnum. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 Bandar\u00edkin hafa ekki fullgilt Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann en hafa engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur fylgt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um hans \u00ed \u00e1rara\u00f0ir og vi\u00f0urkenna a\u00f0 samningurinn endurspegli gildandi venjur\u00e9tt. Einnig m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 MARPOL-samningurinn hefur a\u00f0 geyma athyglisvert fr\u00e1vik fr\u00e1 kr\u00f6funni um fullgildingar r\u00edkja, en breytingar \u00e1 vi\u00f0aukum samningsins byggjast \u00e1 svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f6glu sam\u00feykki. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed felst a\u00f0 a\u00f0ilar vi\u00f0aukanna ver\u00f0a bundnir af breytingum sem sam\u00feykktar eru af tveimur \u00feri\u00f0ju hlutum a\u00f0ila MARPOL-samningsins, nema \u00feeir l\u00fdsi yfir andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 breytingarnar innan tiltekins t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lmargir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar var\u00f0a mengun og vernd hafsins me\u00f0 einum e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti og er fjalla\u00f0 um nokkra \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00feessum kafla. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar duga ekki einir og s\u00e9r til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun, heldur \u00feurfa r\u00edki a\u00f0 innlei\u00f0a efni samninganna \u00ed eigin l\u00f6g og reglur. R\u00edkin sj\u00e1 einnig sj\u00e1lf um a\u00f0 framfylgja sl\u00edkum reglum, enda starfar engin al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg eftirlits- e\u00f0a l\u00f6gg\u00e6slustofnun \u00e1 hafi \u00fati. \u00cd \u00feessu sambandi reynir \u00e1 l\u00f6gs\u00f6gureglur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttarins, en \u00fe\u00e6r segja til um hva\u00f0a r\u00edki mega setja reglur um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum \u00e1 tilteknum hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um. L\u00f6gs\u00f6gureglurnar fjalla einnig um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a r\u00edki hafa heimildir til a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a, m.a. eftirlits\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a<\/span> og vi\u00f0urlaga<\/span>, vegna mengunarbrota \u00e1 mismunandi hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann og nokkur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hans sem var\u00f0a mengun sj\u00e1var og l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu r\u00edkja \u00e1 hafinu. Einnig ver\u00f0ur liti\u00f0 til annarra al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamninga sem var\u00f0a mengun og vernd sj\u00e1var, m.a. MARPOL-samningsins og OSPAR-samningsins, auk \u00feess sem fjalla\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur um samninga sem fjalla um losun efna \u00ed andr\u00famsloft. N\u00e6st ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um megindr\u00e6tti \u00edslenskrar l\u00f6ggjafar sem innlei\u00f0ir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur um mengun hafsins og s\u00e9rstaklega viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 reglum um sko\u00f0un skipa og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vegna br\u00e1\u00f0amengunar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

8.1 Inngangur Verndun hafsins gegn mengun, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. fr\u00e1 skipum, er a\u00f0 verulegu leyti al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt vi\u00f0fangsefni enda berast mengunarefni \u00f3hindra\u00f0 yfir landam\u00e6ri og \u00e1 hafinu. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar skipta \u00fev\u00ed miklu m\u00e1li fyrir verndun hafsins gegn mengun, m.a. samningar sem fjalla um Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-8-althjodasamningarummengunfraskipum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2592","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2592"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2592\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4047,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2592\/revisions\/4047"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2592"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2592"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2592"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}