{"id":2594,"date":"2019-08-07T02:00:52","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T02:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2594"},"modified":"2024-10-21T22:44:33","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T22:44:33","slug":"8-2-hafrettarsattmalinn-og-logsogureglur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/08\/07\/8-2-hafrettarsattmalinn-og-logsogureglur\/","title":{"rendered":"8.2 Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn og l\u00f6gs\u00f6gureglur"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (UNCLOS, <\/em>e. United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea,<\/em>) var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1982 og t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1994. \u00cdsland var fyrsta vestr\u00e6na r\u00edki\u00f0 til a\u00f0 fullgilda Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1985. Hann er eini heildst\u00e6\u00f0i al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningurinn um m\u00e1lefni hafsins og er oft nefndur stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1<\/span> hafsins. \u00cd XII. kafla s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans er a\u00f0 finna mikilv\u00e6gar grundvallarreglur um vernd hafsins og mengun fr\u00e1 skipum. Um 1% af \u00fath\u00f6funum<\/span> n\u00fdtur verndar skv. Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum. \u00cd mars 2023 var loks<\/span> ger\u00f0ur n\u00fdr \u00fathafssamningur S\u00de og er \u00ed honum<\/span> kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 30% \u00fathafanna skuli nj\u00f3ta verndar fyrir \u00e1ri\u00f0 2030.<\/p>\n

8.2.1 Almenn skylda um mengunarvarnir skipa<\/h4>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum ber r\u00edkjum a\u00f0 gera allar nau\u00f0synlegar r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir, draga \u00far og hafa eftirlit me\u00f0 mengun fr\u00e1 skipum, m.a. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir \u00f3h\u00f6pp og breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 ney\u00f0, tryggja \u00f6ryggi \u00ed starfsemi \u00e1 sj\u00f3, koma \u00ed veg fyrir losun mengunarefna fr\u00e1 skipum og setja reglur um h\u00f6nnun, sm\u00ed\u00f0i, b\u00fana\u00f0 og m\u00f6nnun skipa. Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn sj\u00e1lfur felur ekki \u00ed s\u00e9r n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma \u00fatf\u00e6rslu \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00fe\u00e1ttum heldur felur hann r\u00edkjum a\u00f0 setja frekari reglur \u00e1 vettvangi \u201e\u00fear til b\u00e6rrar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnunar\u201c en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunina (IMO<\/span>). \u00c1 vettvangi IMO hafa \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum m\u00f3tast fj\u00f6lmargar reglur um umhverfisvernd hafsins, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum.<\/p>\n

Mikilv\u00e6gi Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans fyrir vernd hafsins felst ekki s\u00edst \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um hans um l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu r\u00edkja \u00e1 hafinu. Samningurinn fjallar um r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur r\u00edkja \u00e1 mismunandi hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um, m.a. \u00e1 inns\u00e6vi, innan landhelgi og efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu<\/span> einstakra r\u00edkja og \u00e1 \u00fathafinu. Hann skilgreinir me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um valdheimildir<\/span> r\u00edkja \u00e1 hafinu og eru r\u00edki \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed samhengi flokku\u00f0 \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1 mismunandi h\u00f3pa: f\u00e1nar\u00edki, strandr\u00edki og hafnr\u00edki.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mynd 8.2. Landhelgi og efnahagsl\u00f6gsaga \u00cdslands.<\/p><\/div>\n

8.2.2 Valdheimildir f\u00e1nar\u00edkja<\/h4>\n

Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn festir \u00ed sessi \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00f3tgr\u00f3nu meginreglu hafr\u00e9ttarins a\u00f0 skip heyri undir l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu s\u00edns f\u00e1nar\u00edkis hvar sem \u00feau eru st\u00f6dd. Hann skyldar jafnframt f\u00e1nar\u00edki til a\u00f0 setja l\u00f6g og reglur til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun fr\u00e1 skipum. Til a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegu samr\u00e6mi \u00ed reglusetningu um allan heim er f\u00e1nar\u00edkjum skylt a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 landsreglur sem \u00feau setja um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum hafi a.m.k. s\u00f6mu \u00e1hrif og almennt vi\u00f0urkenndar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur sem r\u00edki hafa komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r saman um \u00e1 vettvangi IMO.<\/p>\n

Ekki er me\u00f0 \u00f6llu lj\u00f3st hva\u00f0a reglur flokkast sem almennt vi\u00f0urkenndar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum, en h\u00e9r er a.m.k. \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i MARPOL-samningsins og fyrstu tveggja vi\u00f0auka hans. \u00ddmsar grundvallarreglur um \u00f6ruggar siglingar eru einnig taldar falla h\u00e9r undir, s.s. reglur sem byggjast \u00e1 samningi um \u00f6ryggi mannsl\u00edfa \u00e1 hafinu (SOLAS<\/span>-samningi), al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asam\u00feykkt um menntun og \u00fej\u00e1lfun, sk\u00edrteini og vaktst\u00f6\u00f0ur sj\u00f3manna (STCW<\/span>) og samningi um al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir \u00e1rekstra \u00e1 sj\u00f3 (COLREG<\/span>-samningi).<\/p>\n

F\u00e1nar\u00edkjum ber skylda til a\u00f0 hafa eftirlit me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skip uppfylli almennt vi\u00f0urkenndar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur um mengunarvarnir en hafa ber \u00ed huga a\u00f0 oft krefst sl\u00edkt eftirlit samvinnu vi\u00f0 strand- og hafnr\u00edki. \u00cd eftirlitsskyldunni felst m.a. a\u00f0 f\u00e1nar\u00edki skulu gefa \u00fat vi\u00f0eigandi sk\u00edrteini til skipa (m.a. al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt ol\u00edumengunarvarnarsk\u00edrteini, IOPP, sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 7.2<\/a>), annast reglubundnar sko\u00f0anir \u00e1 skipum og fylgjast me\u00f0 h\u00e6fni \u00e1hafnar. \u00cd framkv\u00e6md sinna svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 flokkunarf\u00e9l\u00f6g (e. classification societies<\/em>) \u00feessum verkefnum oft \u00ed umbo\u00f0i f\u00e1nar\u00edkja. S\u00fa skylda hv\u00edlir einnig \u00e1 f\u00e1nar\u00edkjum a\u00f0 rannsaka hugsanleg brot gegn reglum um \u00f6ryggi og mengunarvarnir og fylgja brotum eftir me\u00f0 m\u00e1lsh\u00f6f\u00f0un og vi\u00f0eigandi refsingum.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Mynd 8.3. Einkennismerki nokkurra flokkunarf\u00e9laga.<\/p><\/div>\n

8.2.3 Valdheimildir strandr\u00edkja<\/h3>\n

Lengi var gengi\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e1nar\u00edki hef\u00f0u einkar\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 framfylgja al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum reglum um mengunarvarnir gagnvart skipum sem sigldu undir f\u00e1na \u00feeirra. Reynslan s\u00fdnir hins vegar a\u00f0 algengt er a\u00f0 skip sigli undir svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um hentif\u00e1na, \u00fe.e. s\u00e9u skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00edki sem ekki hefur s\u00e9rst\u00f6k tengsl vi\u00f0 starfsemi skipsins. \u00cd \u00feeim tilvikum hafa f\u00e1nar\u00edkin oft l\u00edtinn \u00e1huga \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafa eftirlit me\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi skipum og jafnvel takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til \u00feess, enda er hugsanlegt a\u00f0 skipin komi sjaldan e\u00f0a jafnvel aldrei til hafnar \u00ed f\u00e1nar\u00edkinu. Strandr\u00edkjum og hafnr\u00edkjum hefur \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum veri\u00f0 fali\u00f0 auki\u00f0 vald til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta hagsmuna sinna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 setja reglur um mengunarvarnir skipa sem sigla innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00feeirra og gr\u00edpa til \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a gagnvart erlendum skipum vegna brota \u00e1 \u00feessum reglum.<\/p>\n

Heimildirnar eru nokku\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edkar eftir \u00fev\u00ed um hva\u00f0a hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00c1 inns\u00e6vi<\/em>, \u00fe.e. hafsv\u00e6\u00f0inu innan grunnl\u00edna landhelginnar, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. fj\u00f6r\u00f0um, fl\u00f3um og h\u00f6fnum, fara strandr\u00edki me\u00f0 \u00f3skora\u00f0an fullveldisr\u00e9tt og hafa s\u00f6mu heimildir til a\u00f0 setja reglur um mengunarvarnir og \u00e1 landi. \u00cd \u00feessu felst m.a. a\u00f0 strandr\u00edki geta sett tiltekin skilyr\u00f0i fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skip leggist a\u00f0 h\u00f6fn, t.d. \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 mengunarvarnir.<\/p>\n

Fullveldisr\u00e9ttur strandr\u00edkja n\u00e6r einnig til landhelginnar<\/em>, \u00fe.e. hafsv\u00e6\u00f0is sem n\u00e6r til 12 sj\u00f3m\u00edlna fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednum<\/span>. Reglur sem settar eru um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum innan landhelginnar mega \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed framkv\u00e6md ekki hafa \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 hindra f\u00f6r erlendra skipa \u00ed fri\u00f0samlegum tilgangi. Strandr\u00edki mega \u00fev\u00ed ekki gera kr\u00f6fur til erlendra skipa um h\u00f6nnun, sm\u00ed\u00f0i, m\u00f6nnun e\u00f0a b\u00fana\u00f0 skipa sem sigla um landhelgi s\u00edna, nema sl\u00edkar kr\u00f6fur samr\u00e6mist al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum reglum um mengunarvarnir. \u00deau hafa hins vegar r\u00fdmri heimildir til a\u00f0 setja reglur um h\u00e1markshra\u00f0a skipa, lei\u00f0arstj\u00f3rnun<\/span> og s\u00e9rreglur um losun mengunarefna innan landhelginnar. Til d\u00e6mis er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00cdsland hafi samkv\u00e6mt Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum heimild til a\u00f0 setja bann vi\u00f0 notkun svartol\u00edu innan landhelgi sinnar.<\/p>\n

Strandr\u00edki hafa tilteknar heimildir til a\u00f0 setja reglur um mengunarvarnir innan efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gunnar<\/em>, \u00fe.e. hafsv\u00e6\u00f0isins sem n\u00e6r fr\u00e1 ytri m\u00f6rkum landhelginnar allt a\u00f0 200 sj\u00f3m\u00edlum fr\u00e1 grunnl\u00ednum. Almennt takmarkast sl\u00edkar heimildir \u00fe\u00f3 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar reglur um mengunarvarnir. Strandr\u00edki geta a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfylltum skilgreint verndarsv\u00e6\u00f0i innan efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu sinnar \u00fear sem setja m\u00e1 strangari reglur um mengunarvarnir, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. um losun mengunarefna og lei\u00f0arstj\u00f3rnun. Sl\u00edkar heimildir takmarkast \u00fe\u00f3 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6tti sem var\u00f0a rekstur skips e\u00f0a losun mengunarefna \u00ed sj\u00f3, en mega ekki fela \u00ed s\u00e9r s\u00e9rreglur um h\u00f6nnun, sm\u00ed\u00f0i, m\u00f6nnun e\u00f0a b\u00fana\u00f0 skipa.<\/p>\n

En hver er sta\u00f0an ef grunur leikur \u00e1 a\u00f0 erlent skip hafi frami\u00f0 mengunarbrot innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu strandr\u00edkis? \u00cd \u00e1kve\u00f0num tilvikum er strandr\u00edkjum heimilt a\u00f0 rannsaka hugsanleg mengunarbrot skipa, sem getur jafnvel leitt til \u00feess a\u00f0 yfirv\u00f6ld geta fari\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 \u00ed erlent skip sem er \u00e1 siglingu innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edkis. \u00deessar ranns\u00f3knarheimildir eru r\u00edkastar \u00e1 inns\u00e6vi en skilyr\u00f0i til a\u00f0 beita \u00feeim ver\u00f0a \u00ferengri eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem fj\u00e6r dregur landi. Innan efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gunnar er strandr\u00edkjum eing\u00f6ngu heimilt a\u00f0 fara um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skip ef meint brot hefur leitt til umtalsver\u00f0rar mengunar sem hefur e\u00f0a kann a\u00f0 hafa meirih\u00e1ttar tj\u00f3n \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r fyrir vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki. \u00cd reynd fer ranns\u00f3kn vegna mengunarbrota innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu strandr\u00edkis \u00ed flestum tilvikum fram eftir a\u00f0 skip hefur komi\u00f0 \u00f3tilneytt til hafnar (\u00ed sl\u00edkum tilvikum er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til strandr\u00edkisins sem hafnr\u00edkis). Hafnr\u00edkjum er einnig heimilt a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a skip \u00ed h\u00f6fnum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 ganga \u00far skugga um a\u00f0 \u00feau uppfylli al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar reglur var\u00f0andi h\u00f6nnun, b\u00fana\u00f0, mengunarvarnir, \u00f6ryggism\u00e1l o.fl. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun \u00ed kafla 8.7<\/a> um hafnarr\u00edkiseftirlit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (UNCLOS, e. United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea,) var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1982 og t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1994. \u00cdsland var fyrsta vestr\u00e6na r\u00edki\u00f0 til a\u00f0 fullgilda Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1985. Hann er eini heildst\u00e6\u00f0i al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningurinn um Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-8-althjodasamningarummengunfraskipum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2594"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4048,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2594\/revisions\/4048"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}