Mj\u00f6g v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k a\u00f0ild er a\u00f0 MARPOL-samningnum. N\u00fana eru 158 r\u00edki a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 samningnum, \u00e1samt vi\u00f0aukum I og II sem eru \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegir hlutar hans. Samanlagt flytja skip skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum um 99% af \u00feeim tonnum sem flutt eru \u00e1 hafi \u00e1 heimsv\u00edsu. V\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kur stu\u00f0ningur er einnig me\u00f0al r\u00edkja vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra vi\u00f0auka MARPOL-samningsins og hefur veri\u00f0 liti\u00f0 \u00e1 margar reglur \u00feeirra sem almennt vi\u00f0urkenndar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0areglur sem binda \u00f6ll r\u00edki \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort \u00feau hafi fullgilt vi\u00f0komandi vi\u00f0auka e\u00f0a ekki.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/marpoladild.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 8.4. Mynd sem s\u00fdnir hva\u00f0a r\u00edki eru a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 MARPOL-samningnum.<\/p><\/div>\n
Tilgangur MARPOL-samningsins er a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir og draga \u00far losun mengunarefna fr\u00e1 skipum \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0 og \u00ed sj\u00f3, annars vegar mengun sem orsakast af \u00f3h\u00f6ppum og hins vegar mengun sem stafar af daglegum rekstri skipa. Samningurinn sj\u00e1lfur hefur a\u00f0allega a\u00f0 geyma almenn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00f6gs\u00f6gureglur, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um heimildir r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma sko\u00f0anir \u00e1 erlendum skipum m.t.t. mengunarvarna. N\u00e1kv\u00e6mari kr\u00f6fur til skipa koma hins vegar fram \u00ed vi\u00f0aukunum sem hafa m.a. a\u00f0 geyma t\u00e6knilegar reglur um h\u00f6nnun, sm\u00ed\u00f0i, b\u00fana\u00f0 og rekstur skipa. Vi\u00f0aukarnir fjalla um:<\/p>\n
- \n
- ol\u00edumengun fr\u00e1 skipum (vi\u00f0auki I)<\/li>\n
- flutning \u00e1 eiturefnum \u00ed flj\u00f3tandi formi (vi\u00f0auki II)<\/li>\n
- flutning \u00e1 h\u00e6ttulegum efnum \u00ed p\u00f6kku\u00f0u formi (vi\u00f0auki III)<\/li>\n
- losun sk\u00f3lps (vi\u00f0auki IV)<\/li>\n
- sorpmengun (vi\u00f0auki V)<\/li>\n
- loftmengun (vi\u00f0auki VI)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Vi\u00f0aukar I, II, IV og V vi\u00f0 MARPOL-samninginn gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 strangari kr\u00f6fur um mengunarvarnir geti gilt \u00e1 afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um s\u00e9rhafsv\u00e6\u00f0um, \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00f6rf er \u00e1 strangari mengunarv\u00f6rnum vegna haffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra og vistfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra einkenna . \u00de\u00e1 heimilar vi\u00f0auki VI um loftmengun r\u00edkjum a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num skilyr\u00f0um uppfylltum a\u00f0 skilgreina svok\u00f6llu\u00f0 ECA-sv\u00e6\u00f0i (e. Emission Control Areas<\/i>) \u00fear sem strangari takmarkanir gilda um losun \u00ed andr\u00famsloft (sj\u00e1 mynd 7.2 \u00ed kafla 7.1<\/a>).<\/p>\n
\u00cdsland fullgilti MARPOL-samninginn og fyrstu tvo vi\u00f0auka hans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1985 og fullgilti s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0auka III og V \u00e1ri\u00f0 1989. \u00cdsland fullgilti vi\u00f0auka VI um loftmengun \u00e1ri\u00f0 2018 og loks vi\u00f0auka IV um losun sk\u00f3lps \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019.<\/p>\n
<\/a>8.3.2 OSPAR-samningurinn<\/h3>\n
\u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundnum samningi fimmt\u00e1n r\u00edkja og Evr\u00f3pusambandsins um verndun Nor\u00f0ur-Atlantshafsins fr\u00e1 1992, sem vanalega gengur undir heitinu OSPAR-samningurinn. Samningurinn byggist \u00e1 tveimur eldri samningum, annars vegar Osl\u00f3arsamningi um varnir gegn mengun sj\u00e1var vegna losunar \u00fargangsefna fr\u00e1 skipum og flugv\u00e9lum og hins vegar Par\u00edsarsamningi um varnir gegn mengun sj\u00e1var fr\u00e1 landst\u00f6\u00f0vum, en samruni \u00feessara samninga undir hatti hins n\u00fdja samnings sk\u00fdrir nafni\u00f0 OSPAR. Hafa ber \u00ed huga a\u00f0 OSPAR-samningurinn er a\u00f0eins einn af m\u00f6rgum sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundnum samningum um vernd hafsins. \u00c1l\u00edka samningar eru t.d. til fyrir Eystrasalti\u00f0, Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafi\u00f0 og Svartahaf.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/ospararea.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 8.5. Vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 sem OSPAR-samningurinn n\u00e6r yfir, en \u00fev\u00ed er skipt upp \u00ed 5 undirsv\u00e6\u00f0i. H\u00e6gra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 yfirlit yfir umhverfisv\u00edsa \u00e1 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0um I-V \u2013 ef smellt er \u00e1 https:\/\/qsr2010.ospar.org\/en\/index.html<\/a> og m\u00fasin l\u00e1tin fara yfir myndirnar af v\u00edsunum kemur texti (\u00e1 ensku) me\u00f0 lykiluppl\u00fdsingum um vi\u00f0komandi v\u00edsi.<\/p><\/div>\n
Tilgangur OSPAR-samningsins er a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun \u00ed Nor\u00f0austur-Atlantshafinu og stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem kostur er, a\u00f0 komi\u00f0 ver\u00f0i alfari\u00f0 \u00ed veg fyrir hana. Samningnum er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun fr\u00e1 uppsprettum \u00e1 landi, mengun af v\u00f6ldum varps og brennslu og mengun fr\u00e1 uppsprettum \u00ed hafi. Hann fjallar einnig um mat \u00e1 \u00e1standi hafsins og verndun og var\u00f0veislu vistkerfa og l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar fj\u00f6lbreytni hafsv\u00e6\u00f0isins.<\/p>\n
\u00cd meginhluta OSPAR-samningsins er a\u00f0 finna almenn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i en n\u00e1kv\u00e6mari reglur koma fram \u00ed fimm vi\u00f0aukum og \u00feremur samningsaukum sem eru t\u00e6knilegs e\u00f0lis. Me\u00f0al skuldbindinga samningsa\u00f0ila samkv\u00e6mt OSPAR-samningnum m\u00e1 nefna skyldu til a\u00f0 gera \u00e1\u00e6tlanir og gr\u00edpa til fyrirbyggjandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0a til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir og \u00fatr\u00fdma mengun fr\u00e1 uppsprettum \u00e1 landi og \u00e1 hafi. R\u00edkin skulu byggja \u00e1\u00e6tlanir og a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir s\u00ednar \u00e1 n\u00fdjustu og bestu f\u00e1anlegu t\u00e6kni og bestu umhverfisvenjum. Hugt\u00f6kin besta f\u00e1anlega t\u00e6kni og bestu umhverfisvenjur eru skilgreind \u00ed vi\u00f0aukum samningsins og \u00fear koma einnig fram vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 skulu til grundvallar vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a hluti \u00feess telst menga\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 \u00f6llum vi\u00f0aukum og samningsaukum<\/span> OSPAR-samningsins, \u00fe.\u00e1 m. vi\u00f0auka II sem einkum er beint a\u00f0 starfsemi skipa og er \u00e6tla\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir mengun af v\u00f6ldum varps e\u00f0a brennslu (a\u00f0rir vi\u00f0aukar fjalla um losun fr\u00e1 landi, losun fr\u00e1 uppsprettum \u00e1 hafi, t.d. ol\u00eduborp\u00f6llum, v\u00f6ktun umhverfis hafsins og vernd vistkerfa og l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar fj\u00f6lbreytni hafsins). Brennsla \u00fargangs \u00e1 hafi er alfari\u00f0 b\u00f6nnu\u00f0. \u00de\u00f3 m\u00e1 brenna \u00fargang sem myndast hefur um bor\u00f0 \u00ed skipi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed tilskildu a\u00f0 brennsluofninn s\u00e9 vi\u00f0urkenndur. Hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar varp efna og hluta \u00ed hafi\u00f0 er meginreglan s\u00fa a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt varp er banna\u00f0 nema \u00ed \u00f6rf\u00e1um undantekningartilfellum, og fellur \u00fargangur vegna fiskvinnslu undir eina undan\u00fe\u00e1guna. Almenna reglan er s\u00fa a\u00f0 varp \u00e1 geislavirkum \u00fargangi er banna\u00f0.<\/p>\n
8.3.3 Lund\u00fanasamningurinn<\/h4>\n
Lund\u00fanasamningurinn fr\u00e1 1972 og b\u00f3kun vi\u00f0 samninginn fr\u00e1 1996 hafa a\u00f0 geyma reglur um varp efna og hluta fr\u00e1 skipum og brennslu \u00fargangs \u00e1 hafi \u00fati. \u00cdsland ger\u00f0ist a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 samningnum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1973 og fullgilti b\u00f3kunina \u00e1ri\u00f0 2003, en b\u00f3kuninni er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 leysa samninginn af h\u00f3lmi og \u00fev\u00ed er n\u00fa fyrst og fremst liti\u00f0 til \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a hennar.<\/p>\n
Markmi\u00f0\u00a0 b\u00f3kunarinnar er a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki geri nau\u00f0synlegar r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 mengun hafsins me\u00f0 varpi e\u00f0a brennslu \u00fargangs \u00e1 hafi \u00fati. B\u00f3kunin skuldbindur r\u00edki til a\u00f0 banna alla brennslu \u00fargangs \u00e1 hafi, a\u00f0ra en\u00a0 \u00fargangs sem or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur til um bor\u00f0. H\u00fan felur jafnframt \u00ed s\u00e9r bann vi\u00f0 \u00f6llu varpi \u00fargangsefna og mengandi efna, me\u00f0 \u00f6rf\u00e1um undantekningum. Var\u00fa\u00f0arreglan<\/span> endurspeglast gl\u00f6gglega \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um b\u00f3kunarinnar enda bannar h\u00fan varp \u00ed hafi\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 krafist s\u00e9 s\u00f6nnunar fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi \u00fargangur s\u00e9 ska\u00f0legur l\u00edfr\u00edki hafsins. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0sn\u00faning fr\u00e1 Lund\u00fanasamningnum, en samkv\u00e6mt honum var almenna reglan s\u00fa a\u00f0 heimilt var a\u00f0 varpa hlutum og efnum \u00ed hafi\u00f0 nema s\u00fdnt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 fram \u00e1 ska\u00f0semi vi\u00f0komandi efna fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki hafsins.<\/p>\n
OSPAR-samningurinn sem fjalla\u00f0 var um a\u00f0 ofan tekur a\u00f0 miklu leyti til \u00feess sama og Lund\u00fanasamningurinn og gengur OSPAR-samningurinn alla jafna lengra. Lund\u00fanasamningurinn hefur \u00fev\u00ed takmarka\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu vegna starfsemi h\u00e9r vi\u00f0 land sem stendur.<\/p>\n
8.3.4 Samningur um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn<\/h4>\n
\u00c1ri\u00f0 2004 var sam\u00feykktur al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningur um stj\u00f3rnun og me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun \u00e1 kj\u00f6lfestuvatni skipa og botnfalli \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed (oft nefndur BWM-samningur; BWM stendur fyrir Ballast Water Management<\/i>). Samningurinn t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017. Hann gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00f6ll skip \u00ed millilandasiglingum komi s\u00e9r upp b\u00fana\u00f0i sem hreinsi kj\u00f6lfestuvatn upp a\u00f0 tilteknu marki. Ef skip hafa ekki yfir a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a sl\u00edkum b\u00fana\u00f0i er \u00feeim eing\u00f6ngu heimilt a\u00f0 skipta um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn \u00e1 r\u00famsj\u00f3 \u00fear sem l\u00edti\u00f0 l\u00edf er til sta\u00f0ar og litlar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00edfverur berist milli strandsv\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00cdsland hefur ekki fullgilt samninginn en reglur hans gilda \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 miklu leyti h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi vegna regluger\u00f0ar nr. 515\/2010<\/a> um kj\u00f6lfestuvatn.<\/span><\/p>\n
8.3.5 Samningur um gr\u00f3\u00f0urhindrandi efni<\/h4>\n
Samningur um gr\u00f3\u00f0urhindrandi efni (oft nefndur AFS-samningur, AFS stendur fyrir Anti-fouling Systems<\/i>) var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1ri\u00f0 2001 og t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2008. Me\u00f0 honum var kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um takmarkanir \u00e1 notkun gr\u00f3\u00f0urhindrandi efna \u00ed botnm\u00e1lningu skipa. \u00cdsland hefur ekki fullgilt samninginn en reglur samningsins gilda \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 miklu leyti h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi samkv\u00e6mt regluger\u00f0 nr. 824\/2005<\/a> um takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 notkun ska\u00f0legra gr\u00f3\u00f0urhindrandi efna og\/e\u00f0a b\u00fana\u00f0ar \u00e1 skipum.<\/span><\/p>\n
8.3.6 Samningar um br\u00e1\u00f0amengun<\/h4>\n
Til eru nokkrir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar sem var\u00f0a alvarleg mengunar\u00f3h\u00f6pp \u00e1 hafi, auk \u00feess sem Hafr\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn hefur a\u00f0 geyma almenn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem skylda r\u00edki til vi\u00f0brag\u00f0a og samvinnu vegna mengunar\u00f3happa. Segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamninga um \u00feetta vi\u00f0fangsefni s\u00e9 samofin s\u00f6gu alvarlegra mengunarslysa \u00e1 hafi (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun um \u00ferj\u00fa af alvarlegustu ol\u00eduslysum s\u00f6gunnar \u00ed kafla 2.9.3). H\u00e9r m\u00e1 einkum nefna strand ol\u00eduflutningaskipsins Torrey Canyon undan su\u00f0vesturhorni Englands \u00e1ri\u00f0 1967, en slysi\u00f0 var\u00f0 tilefni mikillar umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi um hva\u00f0a kr\u00f6fur \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 gera um ger\u00f0 og b\u00fana\u00f0 skipa og vi\u00f0brag\u00f0sgetu r\u00edkja vegna mengunar\u00f3happa \u00e1 hafi. \u00deessi umr\u00e6\u00f0a var\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt hreyfiafl fyrir sam\u00feykkt al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra reglna um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum, m.a. MARPOL-samningsins og annarra al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamninga sem fjalla um vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 og \u00e1byrg\u00f0 vegna mengunarslysa. Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi er strand ol\u00eduflutningaskipsins Exxon Valdez vi\u00f0 strendur Alaska \u00e1ri\u00f0 1989, sem leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0auka I vi\u00f0 MARPOL-samninginn var breytt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1992 til a\u00f0 gera kr\u00f6fu um tv\u00f6faldan byr\u00f0ing \u00ed n\u00fdjum ol\u00eduflutningaskipum. Eftir a\u00f0 ol\u00eduflutningaskipi\u00f0 Erika s\u00f6kk \u00fati fyrir Frakklandi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1999 me\u00f0 alvarlegum aflei\u00f0ingum fyrir umhverfi\u00f0 voru aftur ger\u00f0ar breytingar \u00e1 vi\u00f0auka I og n\u00fa til a\u00f0 fl\u00fdta innlei\u00f0ingu \u00e1 kr\u00f6fum um tv\u00f6faldan byr\u00f0ing fyrir eldri skip.<\/span><\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/torreyogerika.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 8.6. Vinstra megin: Ol\u00eduflutningaskipi\u00f0 Erika fer \u00ed sj\u00f3inn undan str\u00f6ndum Frakklands \u00e1ri\u00f0 1999. H\u00e6gra megin: Strand Torrey Canyon vi\u00f0 Sj\u00f6steinarif \u00e1ri\u00f0 1967.<\/p><\/div>\n
Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar um samstarf vegna br\u00e1\u00f0amengun<\/span>ar\u00f3happa eru s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gir fyrir f\u00e1menn r\u00edki eins og \u00cdsland \u00fear sem vi\u00f0brag\u00f0sgeta vegna alvarlegra atvika \u00e1 hafi er takm\u00f6rku\u00f0. \u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 nokkrum samningum sem var\u00f0a vi\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0, vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 og \u00e1byrg\u00f0 vegna mengunar\u00f3happa og einnig er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feessa \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00ed vi\u00f0auka I vi\u00f0 MARPOL-samninginn.<\/p>\n
Mikilv\u00e6gasti samningurinn fyrir \u00cdsland \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i er Kaupmannahafnarsamkomulagi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 1993 sem kom \u00e1 f\u00f3t samstarfi \u00cdslands, Noregs, Danmerkur, Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar og Finnlands vegna br\u00e1\u00f0amengunarslysa. \u00cdsland fullgilti samkomulagi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 og \u00fea\u00f0 gekk \u00ed gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1998. Me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild sinni a\u00f0 samkomulaginu skuldbundu \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld sig til a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed samvinnu til a\u00f0 vernda hafi\u00f0 gegn br\u00e1\u00f0amengun fr\u00e1 skipum. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed felst m.a. skylda til a\u00f0 hafa tilt\u00e6kan mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0 og taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sameiginlegum vi\u00f0brag\u00f0s\u00e6fingum auk \u00feess sem samkomulagi\u00f0 skyldar samningsr\u00edkin til a\u00f0 veita hvert \u00f6\u00f0ru a\u00f0sto\u00f0 ef upp koma br\u00e1\u00f0amengunartilvik innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu einhvers \u00feeirra. Ef alvarlegt mengunar\u00f3happ ver\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00edslenskri l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu geta stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3ska\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0sto\u00f0 Nor\u00f0urlandanna \u00e1 grundvelli samkomulagsins.<\/p>\n
\u00cdsland er einnig a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 Siglinga\u00f6ryggisstofnun Evr\u00f3pu (EMSA<\/span>) en \u00fea\u00f0 samstarf felur m.a. \u00ed s\u00e9r sameiginleg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna vegna mengunar\u00f3happa. Auk \u00feess er \u00cdsland a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningi um vi\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0 og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 gegn ol\u00edumengun og samstarf \u00fear um<\/em> (svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um OPRC<\/span>-samningi)\u00a0fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1990, sem gerir einnig r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir gagnkv\u00e6mri a\u00f0sto\u00f0 r\u00edkja vegna br\u00e1\u00f0amengunar fr\u00e1 skipum. S\u00e1 samningur hefur \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edti\u00f0 v\u00e6gi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fear sem meiri \u00e1hersla er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 framangreint Kaupmannahafnarsamkomulag og samstarfi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Siglinga\u00f6ryggisstofnun Evr\u00f3pu. \u00cdsland ger\u00f0ist \u00e1ri\u00f0 2013 a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 samningi \u00e1 vegum Nor\u00f0urskautsr\u00e1\u00f0sins, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um MOSPA<\/span>-samningi, sem fjallar um gagnkv\u00e6ma a\u00f0sto\u00f0 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja samningsins vegna ol\u00edumengunarslysa. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00cdsland a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 samningi Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunarinnar fr\u00e1 1969 um \u00edhlutun \u00e1 hafi, sem heimilar r\u00edkjum a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a til a\u00f0 verja hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i innan sinnar l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu gegn mengun af v\u00f6ldum ol\u00eduslysa \u00e1 \u00fathafi.<\/p>\n
Loks m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 \u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 tveimur samningum um \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 tj\u00f3ni vegna ol\u00edumengunar fr\u00e1 skipum. Annars vegar er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a b\u00f3kun fr\u00e1 1992 vi\u00f0 samning fr\u00e1 1969 um einkar\u00e9ttarlega \u00e1byrg\u00f0, en b\u00f3kunin m\u00e6lir fyrir um \u00e1byrg\u00f0 eiganda skips vegna ol\u00edumengunar \u00ed sj\u00f3. Hins vegar er \u00cdsland a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 b\u00f3kun fr\u00e1 1992 vi\u00f0 samning fr\u00e1 1971 um mengunarb\u00f3tasj\u00f3\u00f0, sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tryggja b\u00e6tur vegna tj\u00f3ns r\u00edkja sem stafar af ol\u00edumengun fr\u00e1 ol\u00eduflutningaskipum \u00feegar trygging eiganda n\u00e6gir ekki a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta tj\u00f3ni\u00f0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
8.3.1 MARPOL-samningurinn MARPOL-samningurinn og sex vi\u00f0aukar hans hafa a\u00f0 geyma \u00edtarlegar reglur um mengun fr\u00e1 skipum og eru eins konar regluhandb\u00f3k um b\u00e6\u00f0i mengunarvarnab\u00fana\u00f0 og daglegan rekstur skipa. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a lifandi samning en vi\u00f0aukarnir eru uppf\u00e6r\u00f0ir reglulega \u00e1 Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-8-althjodasamningarummengunfraskipum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2597"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4007,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597\/revisions\/4007"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1002"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}