{"id":2768,"date":"2019-09-27T03:00:13","date_gmt":"2019-09-27T03:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/himinn.fjarver.is\/mengunsjavar\/?p=2768"},"modified":"2021-02-25T21:41:16","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T21:41:16","slug":"9-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/2019\/09\/27\/9-3\/","title":{"rendered":"9.3 Mengun \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir eru me\u00f0 minnst mengu\u00f0u sv\u00e6\u00f0um veraldar enda umsvif manna \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu takm\u00f6rku\u00f0. S\u00e9rstakar landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar, ve\u00f0urfarslegar og l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur valda \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 viss mengunarefni (s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi kvikasilfur og \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni) safnast fyrir \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um (sj\u00e1 mynd 5.8 \u00ed kafla 5.4<\/a>). \u00dev\u00ed eru sumir h\u00f3par \u00edb\u00faa nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0a l\u00edklegri til a\u00f0 vera \u00fatsettir fyrir \u00e1kve\u00f0num mengunarefnum en f\u00f3lk annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed heiminum, einkum frumbyggjar sem rei\u00f0a sig \u00e1 vei\u00f0ar villtra d\u00fdra til matar. Sum mengunarefnanna hafa jafnvel borist um langan veg me\u00f0 loft- og hafstraumum og safnast fyrir \u00ed d\u00fdrum sem n\u00fdtt eru til manneldis \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu, s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi d\u00fdrum sem eru ofarlega \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni eins og selir og hvalir. Uppruna annarra mengunarefna m\u00e1 rekja til athafna \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00ddmis mengunarefni eru \u00feaulsetin \u00ed umhverfi nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0a vegna kulda og l\u00edtillar l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegrar virkni.<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni (s.s. PCB, d\u00edox\u00edn og PFAS, sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nari umfj\u00f6llun \u00ed kafla 5.4<\/a>), oft k\u00f6llu\u00f0 POP-efni (e. Persistent Organic Pollutants) brotna mj\u00f6g h\u00e6gt ni\u00f0ur \u00ed umhverfinu og eru h\u00e6ttuleg heilsu. \u00deau safnast fyrir \u00ed fituvef, mj\u00f3lk og bl\u00f3\u00f0i l\u00edfvera og valda \u00feeim ska\u00f0a. Efnin eru horm\u00f3naraskandi og hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 frj\u00f3semi og \u00e1 \u00f3n\u00e6miskerfi\u00f0. \u00der\u00e1virk l\u00edf\u00e6rn efni og \u00feungm\u00e1lmar (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 5.3<\/a>), s\u00e9rstaklega kvikasilfur, geta safnast fyrir \u00ed r\u00e1nd\u00fdrum efst \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

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Mynd 9.7. Almennt eru nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir l\u00edti\u00f0 menga\u00f0ar. Viss mengunarefni hafa \u00fe\u00f3 borist \u00feanga\u00f0 um langan veg og safnast fyrir \u00ed talsver\u00f0u magni \u00ed d\u00fdrum efst \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni.<\/p><\/div>\n

Ger\u00f0ir hafa veri\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legir samningar til a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun vegna \u00fer\u00e1virkra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna og \u00feungm\u00e1lma, s.s. Stokkh\u00f3lmssamningurinn um \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni<\/span><\/em> sem t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2004 og Minamatasamningurinn um kvikasilfur<\/em><\/span><\/em>\u00a0sem t\u00f3k gildi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2017. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1998 voru ger\u00f0ar b\u00f3kanir vi\u00f0 Samning um loftmengun sem berst langar lei\u00f0ir milli landa<\/span><\/em>, (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)), annars vegar b\u00f3kun um \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni og hins vegar um \u00feungm\u00e1lma, einnig me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far mengun vegna \u00feessara efna. Auk \u00feess h\u00f6f\u00f0u einst\u00f6k r\u00edki \u00feegar banna\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0in POP-efni \u00ed l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f sinni. \u00deannig var framlei\u00f0sla og notkun PCB t.a.m. b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1979, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1983 \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi og \u00e1ri\u00f0 1988 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Samningurinn um loftmengun sem berst langar lei\u00f0ir milli landa (LRTAP-samningurinn) er sv\u00e6\u00f0isbundinn samningur sem gildir fyrir r\u00edki Evr\u00f3pu og Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku. \u00cd Evr\u00f3pu hefur dregi\u00f0 talsvert \u00far losun \u00feeirra \u00feungm\u00e1lma og \u00fer\u00e1virku l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna sem \u00feessir samningar og b\u00f3kanir taka til, sbr. mynd 9.8. Samb\u00e6rilegur samdr\u00e1ttur hefur einnig \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku.<\/p>\n

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Mynd 9.8. Vinstra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun nokkurra \u00fer\u00e1virkra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu 1990 til 2017 (hexakl\u00f3rbensen (HCB), fj\u00f6lkl\u00f3ru\u00f0 b\u00edfen\u00fdl (PCB), d\u00edox\u00edn og fj\u00f6lhringja arm\u00f3mat\u00edsk vetniskolefni (PAH)). H\u00e6gra megin m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 samdr\u00e1tt \u00ed losun \u00feungm\u00e1lmanna bl\u00fds (Pb), kadm\u00edums (Cd) og kvikasilfurs (Hg) \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00e1 sama t\u00edmabili.<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/span>\u00der\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni<\/h5>\n

Markmi\u00f0 Stokkh\u00f3lmssamningsins um \u00fer\u00e1virk l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni er a\u00f0 vernda heilsu manna og umhverfi\u00f0 gegn \u00e1hrifum \u00feessara efna. Samningurinn tekur til fj\u00f6lmargra \u00fer\u00e1virkra l\u00edfr\u00e6nna efna og er \u00feeim skipt \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1 flokka:<\/p>\n