![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd9_9.png\")
<\/a>9.10. Siglingalei\u00f0ir munu opnast \u00eds nor\u00f0urskautsins br\u00e1\u00f0nar. Mikilv\u00e6gastar til skemmri t\u00edma eru nor\u00f0vestur- og nor\u00f0austurlei\u00f0in.<\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>Au\u00f0lindan\u00fdting \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um – jar\u00f0eldsneytisvinnsla<\/h5>\nAukin au\u00f0lindan\u00fdting \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um mun lei\u00f0a til aukinnar mengunar. B\u00e6\u00f0i er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mengun vegna daglegs rekstrar vinnslufyrirt\u00e6kja en einnig aukast l\u00edkur \u00e1 mengunarslysum, einkum \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 vinnslu og flutninga ol\u00edu og gass. \u00dargangur sem myndast vi\u00f0 vinnslu jar\u00f0eldsneytis og jar\u00f0efna (t.d. \u00faran\u00edums) inniheldur oft geislavirk efni sem finnast \u00ed berggrunninum \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi sv\u00e6\u00f0i. Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem hl\u00fdnar \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu mun vinnsla ol\u00edu, gass og \u00faran\u00edums a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edkindum aukast og \u00fear me\u00f0 losun og hreyfanleiki n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra geislavirkra efna. Auk \u00feess lei\u00f0a aukin efnahagsumsvif \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu almennt til aukinnar sta\u00f0bundinnar mengunar vegna eldvarnarefna, lyfja, leysiefna og smurol\u00edu.<\/p>\n
Ol\u00eduvinnsla \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um er kostna\u00f0ars\u00f6m (sj\u00e1 mynd 2.4 \u00ed kafla 2.4<\/a>) enda sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 afskekkt, ve\u00f0ur v\u00e1lynd og v\u00ed\u00f0a skortur \u00e1 innvi\u00f0um. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt magn af jar\u00f0eldsneyti s\u00e9 a\u00f0 finna \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um, e\u00f0a um 30% af \u00f3\u00feekktum gaslindum og 13% af \u00f3\u00feekktum ol\u00edulindum heimsins. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed eftir miklu a\u00f0 sl\u00e6gjast. St\u00e6rstur hluti lindanna tilheyrir Bandar\u00edkjam\u00f6nnum og R\u00fassum.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd9_10.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 9.11. Mat \u00e1 umfangi \u00f3\u00feekktra ol\u00edulinda \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um \u2013 helstu landsv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00deegar \u00edsinn br\u00e1\u00f0nar munu skapast hagst\u00e6\u00f0ari skilyr\u00f0i til a\u00f0 byggja ol\u00eduborpalla \u00e1 \u00feessu kalda hafssv\u00e6\u00f0i. Auk \u00feess myndi ol\u00eduvinnsla \u00e1 landi nj\u00f3ta g\u00f3\u00f0s af opnun siglingalei\u00f0a, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur au\u00f0veldara a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3nusta vinnsluna (t.d. a\u00f0 flytja \u00fdmis a\u00f0f\u00f6ng \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 og ol\u00edu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed).<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/prirazlomnaya-winter-gazpromneftshelf_0_stolin.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 9.12. R\u00fassneskur ol\u00eduborpallur \u00ed Barentshafi.<\/p><\/div>\n
Vi\u00f0 venjubundinn rekstur ol\u00eduborpalla \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 losun ol\u00edu, kem\u00edskra efna og geislavirkra efna \u00ed sj\u00f3inn, einkum vegna losunar dj\u00fapvatns. Dj\u00fapvatn (e. produced water) kemur upp me\u00f0 ol\u00edu \u00feegar bora\u00f0 er eftir henni, en er skili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00feegar ol\u00edunni er d\u00e6lt upp. Dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 inniheldur nokkurt magn ol\u00eduefna og \u00feungm\u00e1lma \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 kvikasilfur, bl\u00fd, kadm\u00edum og arsen, auk leifa \u00feeirra kem\u00edsku efna sem notu\u00f0 eru \u00ed vinnsluferlinu, s.s. efni til a\u00f0 varna t\u00e6ringu. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki getur dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 innihaldi\u00f0 l\u00e1ggeislavirk efni \u00far berggrunni, einkum rad\u00edum. Dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 er me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarka umhverfis\u00e1hrif en er svo losa\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Leki me\u00f0fram lokum \u00ed hinum \u00fdmsu lei\u00f0slum \u00e1 ol\u00eduborp\u00f6llum getur valdi\u00f0 losun kem\u00edskra efni \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Eins geta efni sem notu\u00f0 eru til a\u00f0 h\u00fa\u00f0a lei\u00f0slur og ne\u00f0ansj\u00e1varmannvirki seitla\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0.<\/p>\n
Ol\u00eduborpallar valda \u00fdmiss konar loftmengun. Vi\u00f0 brennslu eldsneytis t.d. vegna rafmagnsframlei\u00f0slu og brennslu gass \u00ed afgasloga<\/span> losnar brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0, k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0, s\u00f3t og rokgj\u00f6rn l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0, (n\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feessi loftmengunarefni \u00ed kafla 7.5<\/a>, sj\u00e1 t.d. t\u00f6flu 7.1). Ol\u00eduvinnsla lei\u00f0ir alltaf til losunar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, hvar sem h\u00fan fer fram, og eykur \u00feannig enn \u00e1 loftslagsbreytingar. Losunin \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 venjubundinn rekstur ol\u00edupalla s.s. vegna eldsneytisbrennslu og brennslu afgass. Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og annarra loftmengunarefna \u00e1 s\u00e9r einnig sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 flutninga \u00e1 eldsneyti sem og \u00ed ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0vum. St\u00e6rstur hluti losunarinnar stafar hins vegar af brennslu eldsneytisins. Eins og fram kom \u00ed kafla 3.4<\/a> m\u00e1 einungis brenna litlum hluta \u00feess jar\u00f0eldsneytis sem vita\u00f0 er um \u00ed \u00feekktum lindum, \u00fe.e. ef komast \u00e1 hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 loftslagsbreytingar fari endanlega \u00far b\u00f6ndunum. \u00dea\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 blasa vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 vernda megi nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0 og vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt l\u00edfr\u00edki \u00feess \u00fearf a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta m\u00f6gulegar ol\u00edu- og gaslindir \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00f3snertar.<\/p>\nSem fyrr segir er vinnslukostna\u00f0ur ol\u00edu \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um mikill \u2013 og sama gildir um \u00e1h\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 vinnsluna. Ol\u00eduslys \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um \u2013 hvort sem v\u00e6ri vegna vinnslu e\u00f0a flutninga \u00e1 ol\u00edu \u2013 g\u00e6tu haft gr\u00ed\u00f0arleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0. Ol\u00eda heg\u00f0ar s\u00e9r \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en \u00ed hl\u00fdrri sj\u00f3. Mikill kuldi dregur \u00far hra\u00f0a n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ve\u00f0runarferla, s\u00e9rstaklega uppgufun og l\u00edfni\u00f0urbroti. Seigja ol\u00edunnar vex me\u00f0 kulda og ol\u00edan ver\u00f0ur \u00fer\u00e1virkari. Ol\u00eda getur lokast undir landf\u00f6stum \u00eds og \u00fe\u00e1 getur veri\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 finna hana og n\u00e1 henni upp. Haf\u00eds dregur \u00far \u00f6ldugangi og \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur n\u00e1tt\u00faruleg dreifing og myndun kvo\u00f0ulausnar minni \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem haf\u00eds er a\u00f0 finna. Allar \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem nota\u00f0ar eru til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 ol\u00edumengun virka verr \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en annars sta\u00f0ar. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki er vi\u00f0brag\u00f0st\u00edminn oft langur \u00fear sem um afskekkt sv\u00e6\u00f0i er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og erfi\u00f0ara er en ella a\u00f0 koma bj\u00f6rgunarb\u00fana\u00f0i \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f3ve\u00f0ur eru tilt\u00f6lulega t\u00ed\u00f0 og haf\u00eds getur tafi\u00f0 f\u00f6r bj\u00f6rgunarskipa. A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur til bj\u00f6rgunara\u00f0ger\u00f0a geta auk \u00feess veri\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ar vegna myrkurs og kulda. Sums sta\u00f0ar geta jafnvel h\u00e6ttuleg r\u00e1nd\u00fdr, s.s. \u00edsbirnir, sett strik \u00ed reikninginn. N\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um ol\u00eduslys og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00ed kafla 2.9<\/a> og s\u00e9rstaklega um vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um \u00ed kafla 2.9.2.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd9_12.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 9.13. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um. \u201eSkimmerar\u201c og annar ol\u00eduuppt\u00f6kub\u00fana\u00f0ur virkar verr \u00ed kulda. \u00dea\u00f0 sama m\u00e1 segja um felli- og dreifiefni. \u00de\u00e1 er erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda eldi \u00ed kulda; s\u00f3ti\u00f0 sem myndast er krabbameinsvaldandi og h\u00e6ttulegt heilsu manna og n\u00e1tt\u00faru, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 geta sest \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 j\u00f6kla og fl\u00fdtt \u00feannig br\u00e1\u00f0nun \u00feeirra og dregi\u00f0 \u00far endurkasti.<\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>Siglingar \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um<\/h5>\nTalsver\u00f0 skipaumfer\u00f0 er \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um og er b\u00faist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan fari vaxandi \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum me\u00f0 \u00e1framhaldandi br\u00e1\u00f0nun haf\u00edssins \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00datbrei\u00f0sla haf\u00edss \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu er jafnan minnst \u00ed september. \u00deetta er \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e1 t\u00edmi \u00e1rs sem skipaumfer\u00f0 um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er mest. \u00c1 mynd 9.14 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 umfer\u00f0 ol\u00eduflutningaskipa (tankskipa), skemmtifer\u00f0askipa, flutningaskipa og fiskiskipa um nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed september 2018. Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 a\u00f0 skipaumfer\u00f0 \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu er umtalsver\u00f0.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd9_13.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 9.14. \u00datbrei\u00f0sla haf\u00edss og umfer\u00f0 skipa \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu \u00ed september 2018.<\/p><\/div>\n
Tali\u00f0 er st\u00e6rstu gaslindir veraldar s\u00e9 a\u00f0 finna \u00e1 Yamalskaganum \u00ed R\u00fasslandi. Umfer\u00f0 tankskipa \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu er mest milli Yamalskagans og Evr\u00f3pu. Um t\u00edu \u00edsbrj\u00f3ts-tankskip flytja gas fr\u00e1 R\u00fasslandi til Evr\u00f3pu og As\u00edu og fleiri sl\u00edk skip eru \u00ed byggingu. Umfer\u00f0 skemmtifer\u00f0askipa hefur aukist miki\u00f0 um allan heim \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al um nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0. Stefnt er a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00edsbrj\u00f3ts-skemmtifer\u00f0askip sigli um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021. Flutningaskip flytja hr\u00e1efni fr\u00e1 n\u00e1mum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um, t.d. zink fr\u00e1 n\u00e1mum \u00ed Alaska og j\u00e1rngr\u00fdti fr\u00e1 Kanada. Me\u00f0 minnkandi \u00eds mun starfst\u00edmabil hafna \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um lengjast og starfsemi \u00fev\u00ed hugsanlega aukast \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Umfer\u00f0 fiskiskipa er einnig mikil.<\/p>\n
Auknum siglingum um nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir fylgir aukin h\u00e6tta \u00e1 mengun fr\u00e1 skipum. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mengun sem stafar af venjulegum rekstri skipa (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 7<\/a>) og br\u00e1\u00f0amengun vegna slysa og \u00f3happa (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 2.9<\/a>). Notkun svartol\u00edu sem skipaeldsneyti \u00ed siglingum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um veldur s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum \u00e1hyggjum en svartol\u00eda er talsvert notu\u00f0 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan er yfirleitt mun \u00f3d\u00fdrari en gasol\u00eda. Mj\u00f6g erfitt er a\u00f0 hreinsa upp svartol\u00edu ef ol\u00eduslys ver\u00f0ur nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um. Auk \u00feess inniheldur svartol\u00edan miki\u00f0 magn af brennisteini og \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0skotaefnum. \u00dev\u00ed veldur bruni svartol\u00edu mun meiri loftmengun (s.s. brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0, \u00feungm\u00e1lmar og s\u00f3t) en bruni gasol\u00edu. S\u00f3ti\u00f0 sem myndast vi\u00f0 bruna er krabbameinsvaldandi og h\u00e6ttulegt heislu manna og n\u00e1tt\u00faru, auk \u00feess sem \u00fea\u00f0 sest \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 j\u00f6kla og \u00edss og getur \u00feannig fl\u00fdtt fyrir br\u00e1\u00f0nun og dregi\u00f0 \u00far endurkasti s\u00f3larlj\u00f3ssins.<\/p>\n\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 hl\u00fdnun sj\u00e1var og br\u00e1\u00f0nun \u00edss lei\u00f0i til aukins a\u00f0gengis a\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu mun sj\u00f3farendum eftir sem \u00e1\u00f0ur stafa talsver\u00f0 h\u00e6tta af \u00eds, einkum borgar\u00edsj\u00f6kum, sem auk kulda, myrkurs og erfi\u00f0ra ve\u00f0urskilyr\u00f0a gera siglingar \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um s\u00e9rlega \u00e1h\u00e6ttusamar. Vegna \u00feessara erfi\u00f0u a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na eru auknar l\u00edkur \u00e1 slysum, auk \u00feess sem erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 slysum, m.a. vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 seinlegra er fyrir vi\u00f0brag\u00f0sa\u00f0ila a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 sta\u00f0inn og sinna bj\u00f6rgunar- og hreinsunarst\u00f6rfum. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi skiptir fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 bygg\u00f0 m\u00e1li, sem og skortur \u00e1 b\u00fana\u00f0i, s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ri \u00feekkingu bj\u00f6rgunara\u00f0ila, lei\u00f0s\u00f6gu\u00fej\u00f3nustu, \u00feekkingu \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og innvi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
Vegna aukinnar \u00e1h\u00e6ttu fyrir sj\u00f3farendur og umhverfi hafs og stranda \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um hefur Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunin (IMO) m\u00f3ta\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakar \u00f6ryggis- og umhverfiskr\u00f6fur fyrir siglingar \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu og taka \u00fe\u00e6r mi\u00f0 af s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um (reglurnar gilda b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 nor\u00f0ur- og su\u00f0urskautinu). Reglurnar kallast P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn<\/em> og kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um s\u00e9rstakar kr\u00f6fur sem gilda um h\u00f6nnun skipa, b\u00fana\u00f0, rekstur, m\u00f6nnun og fleiri atri\u00f0i. Til a\u00f0 vernda vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt umhverfi nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0a hefur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn a\u00f0 geyma strangari kr\u00f6fur um losun ol\u00edu, sk\u00f3lps, \u00fargangs og annarra mengandi efna fr\u00e1 skipum sem sigla um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 en gilda annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\nSem d\u00e6mi um kr\u00f6fur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 hvers konar losun ol\u00edu \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 og skulu \u00f6ll ol\u00eduflutningaskip \u00fatb\u00fain tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldum byr\u00f0ingi. Notkun svartol\u00edu sem eldsneytis er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Su\u00f0urskautslandi\u00f0 og vi\u00f0 nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0 eru skipa\u00fatger\u00f0ir hvattar til nota ekki svartol\u00edu. \u00datger\u00f0ir eru einnig hvattar til a\u00f0 nota umhverfisv\u00e6nar smurol\u00edur. \u00d6ll losun farmleifa er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu og s\u00e9rstakar takmarkanir gilda um losun sk\u00f3lps og \u00fargangs. Eing\u00f6ngu m\u00e1 losa sk\u00f3lp sem hreinsa\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndri sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 losunin fari fram langt fr\u00e1 landi og langt fr\u00e1 \u00eds. Banna\u00f0 er a\u00f0 losa matar\u00fargang \u00e1 \u00eds. Einnig er banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 fleygja d\u00fdrahr\u00e6jum fyrir bor\u00f0. \u00deessar kr\u00f6fur eru \u00edtarlegri en samb\u00e6rilegar kr\u00f6fur MARPOL-samningsins (sj\u00e1 kafla 7<\/a>). Kr\u00f6fur eru ger\u00f0ar um s\u00e9r\u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00e1hafna sem sigla um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, auk \u00feess sem skip \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0an vi\u00f0brag\u00f0s- og bj\u00f6rgunarb\u00fana\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu sem skapast getur \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu.<\/p>\nP\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn var fl\u00e9tta\u00f0ur inn \u00ed bindandi reglur me\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi vi\u00f0aukum MARPOL-samningsins og SOLAS-samningsins, sem t\u00f3ku gildi fyrir r\u00edki sem ekki hreyf\u00f0u m\u00f3tm\u00e6lum, m.a. \u00cdsland, hinn 1. jan\u00faar 2017. Landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt gildissvi\u00f0 P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans n\u00e6r almennt til allra sv\u00e6\u00f0a nor\u00f0an 60. breiddargr\u00e1\u00f0u, me\u00f0 \u00feeirri undantekningu a\u00f0 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 kringum \u00cdsland er undanskili\u00f0. L\u00ednan er nor\u00f0an vi\u00f0 ystu m\u00f6rk efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00cdslands \u00ed nor\u00f0ri og hefur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn \u00fev\u00ed ekki bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 siglingar innan \u00edslenskrar l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu. Kr\u00f6fur hans munu engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur hafa \u00fdmis \u00e1hrif h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, enda \u00feurfa \u00edslensk skip sem sigla inn \u00e1 \u00e1hrifasv\u00e6\u00f0i k\u00f3\u00f0ans a\u00f0 uppfylla kr\u00f6fur hans.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd9.15-Polkodinn.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 9.15. Landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt gildissvi\u00f0 P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
A\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 Nor\u00f0urskautssv\u00e6\u00f0inu hefur aukist \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum vegna minnkandi haf\u00edss \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar hl\u00fdnunar \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um. Aukin umfer\u00f0 er um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 og \u00e1s\u00f3kn \u00ed au\u00f0lindir eins og ol\u00edu, gas, m\u00e1lma og fiskstofna fer vaxandi. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 st\u00f3ran hluta \u00f3n\u00fdttra Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2790,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-umhverfismal-nordursloda"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2772"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3577,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions\/3577"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/a>Mynd 9.11. Mat \u00e1 umfangi \u00f3\u00feekktra ol\u00edulinda \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um \u2013 helstu landsv\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00deegar \u00edsinn br\u00e1\u00f0nar munu skapast hagst\u00e6\u00f0ari skilyr\u00f0i til a\u00f0 byggja ol\u00eduborpalla \u00e1 \u00feessu kalda hafssv\u00e6\u00f0i. Auk \u00feess myndi ol\u00eduvinnsla \u00e1 landi nj\u00f3ta g\u00f3\u00f0s af opnun siglingalei\u00f0a, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur au\u00f0veldara a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3nusta vinnsluna (t.d. a\u00f0 flytja \u00fdmis a\u00f0f\u00f6ng \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 og ol\u00edu fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed).<\/p>\n
<\/a>Mynd 9.12. R\u00fassneskur ol\u00eduborpallur \u00ed Barentshafi.<\/p><\/div>\n
Vi\u00f0 venjubundinn rekstur ol\u00eduborpalla \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 losun ol\u00edu, kem\u00edskra efna og geislavirkra efna \u00ed sj\u00f3inn, einkum vegna losunar dj\u00fapvatns. Dj\u00fapvatn (e. produced water) kemur upp me\u00f0 ol\u00edu \u00feegar bora\u00f0 er eftir henni, en er skili\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00feegar ol\u00edunni er d\u00e6lt upp. Dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 inniheldur nokkurt magn ol\u00eduefna og \u00feungm\u00e1lma \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 kvikasilfur, bl\u00fd, kadm\u00edum og arsen, auk leifa \u00feeirra kem\u00edsku efna sem notu\u00f0 eru \u00ed vinnsluferlinu, s.s. efni til a\u00f0 varna t\u00e6ringu. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki getur dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 innihaldi\u00f0 l\u00e1ggeislavirk efni \u00far berggrunni, einkum rad\u00edum. Dj\u00fapvatni\u00f0 er me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00e1gmarka umhverfis\u00e1hrif en er svo losa\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Leki me\u00f0fram lokum \u00ed hinum \u00fdmsu lei\u00f0slum \u00e1 ol\u00eduborp\u00f6llum getur valdi\u00f0 losun kem\u00edskra efni \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Eins geta efni sem notu\u00f0 eru til a\u00f0 h\u00fa\u00f0a lei\u00f0slur og ne\u00f0ansj\u00e1varmannvirki seitla\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed umhverfi\u00f0.<\/p>\n
Ol\u00eduborpallar valda \u00fdmiss konar loftmengun. Vi\u00f0 brennslu eldsneytis t.d. vegna rafmagnsframlei\u00f0slu og brennslu gass \u00ed afgasloga<\/span> losnar brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0, k\u00f6fnunarefnisox\u00ed\u00f0, s\u00f3t og rokgj\u00f6rn l\u00edfr\u00e6n efni \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0, (n\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00feessi loftmengunarefni \u00ed kafla 7.5<\/a>, sj\u00e1 t.d. t\u00f6flu 7.1). Ol\u00eduvinnsla lei\u00f0ir alltaf til losunar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda, hvar sem h\u00fan fer fram, og eykur \u00feannig enn \u00e1 loftslagsbreytingar. Losunin \u00e1 s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 venjubundinn rekstur ol\u00edupalla s.s. vegna eldsneytisbrennslu og brennslu afgass. Losun gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegunda og annarra loftmengunarefna \u00e1 s\u00e9r einnig sta\u00f0 vi\u00f0 flutninga \u00e1 eldsneyti sem og \u00ed ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0vum. St\u00e6rstur hluti losunarinnar stafar hins vegar af brennslu eldsneytisins. Eins og fram kom \u00ed kafla 3.4<\/a> m\u00e1 einungis brenna litlum hluta \u00feess jar\u00f0eldsneytis sem vita\u00f0 er um \u00ed \u00feekktum lindum, \u00fe.e. ef komast \u00e1 hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 loftslagsbreytingar fari endanlega \u00far b\u00f6ndunum. \u00dea\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 blasa vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 vernda megi nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0 og vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt l\u00edfr\u00edki \u00feess \u00fearf a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta m\u00f6gulegar ol\u00edu- og gaslindir \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu \u00f3snertar.<\/p>\n Sem fyrr segir er vinnslukostna\u00f0ur ol\u00edu \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um mikill \u2013 og sama gildir um \u00e1h\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 vinnsluna. Ol\u00eduslys \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um \u2013 hvort sem v\u00e6ri vegna vinnslu e\u00f0a flutninga \u00e1 ol\u00edu \u2013 g\u00e6tu haft gr\u00ed\u00f0arleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0. Ol\u00eda heg\u00f0ar s\u00e9r \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en \u00ed hl\u00fdrri sj\u00f3. Mikill kuldi dregur \u00far hra\u00f0a n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ve\u00f0runarferla, s\u00e9rstaklega uppgufun og l\u00edfni\u00f0urbroti. Seigja ol\u00edunnar vex me\u00f0 kulda og ol\u00edan ver\u00f0ur \u00fer\u00e1virkari. Ol\u00eda getur lokast undir landf\u00f6stum \u00eds og \u00fe\u00e1 getur veri\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 finna hana og n\u00e1 henni upp. Haf\u00eds dregur \u00far \u00f6ldugangi og \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur n\u00e1tt\u00faruleg dreifing og myndun kvo\u00f0ulausnar minni \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem haf\u00eds er a\u00f0 finna. Allar \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem nota\u00f0ar eru til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 ol\u00edumengun virka verr \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en annars sta\u00f0ar. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki er vi\u00f0brag\u00f0st\u00edminn oft langur \u00fear sem um afskekkt sv\u00e6\u00f0i er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og erfi\u00f0ara er en ella a\u00f0 koma bj\u00f6rgunarb\u00fana\u00f0i \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f3ve\u00f0ur eru tilt\u00f6lulega t\u00ed\u00f0 og haf\u00eds getur tafi\u00f0 f\u00f6r bj\u00f6rgunarskipa. A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur til bj\u00f6rgunara\u00f0ger\u00f0a geta auk \u00feess veri\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ar vegna myrkurs og kulda. Sums sta\u00f0ar geta jafnvel h\u00e6ttuleg r\u00e1nd\u00fdr, s.s. \u00edsbirnir, sett strik \u00ed reikninginn. N\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um ol\u00eduslys og vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00ed kafla 2.9<\/a> og s\u00e9rstaklega um vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um \u00ed kafla 2.9.2.<\/p>\n Mynd 9.13. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um. \u201eSkimmerar\u201c og annar ol\u00eduuppt\u00f6kub\u00fana\u00f0ur virkar verr \u00ed kulda. \u00dea\u00f0 sama m\u00e1 segja um felli- og dreifiefni. \u00de\u00e1 er erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda eldi \u00ed kulda; s\u00f3ti\u00f0 sem myndast er krabbameinsvaldandi og h\u00e6ttulegt heilsu manna og n\u00e1tt\u00faru, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 geta sest \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 j\u00f6kla og fl\u00fdtt \u00feannig br\u00e1\u00f0nun \u00feeirra og dregi\u00f0 \u00far endurkasti.<\/p><\/div>\n Talsver\u00f0 skipaumfer\u00f0 er \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um og er b\u00faist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan fari vaxandi \u00e1 n\u00e6stu \u00e1rum me\u00f0 \u00e1framhaldandi br\u00e1\u00f0nun haf\u00edssins \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. \u00datbrei\u00f0sla haf\u00edss \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu er jafnan minnst \u00ed september. \u00deetta er \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e1 t\u00edmi \u00e1rs sem skipaumfer\u00f0 um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er mest. \u00c1 mynd 9.14 m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 umfer\u00f0 ol\u00eduflutningaskipa (tankskipa), skemmtifer\u00f0askipa, flutningaskipa og fiskiskipa um nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed september 2018. Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 a\u00f0 skipaumfer\u00f0 \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu er umtalsver\u00f0.<\/p>\n Mynd 9.14. \u00datbrei\u00f0sla haf\u00edss og umfer\u00f0 skipa \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu \u00ed september 2018.<\/p><\/div>\n Tali\u00f0 er st\u00e6rstu gaslindir veraldar s\u00e9 a\u00f0 finna \u00e1 Yamalskaganum \u00ed R\u00fasslandi. Umfer\u00f0 tankskipa \u00e1 nor\u00f0urskautinu er mest milli Yamalskagans og Evr\u00f3pu. Um t\u00edu \u00edsbrj\u00f3ts-tankskip flytja gas fr\u00e1 R\u00fasslandi til Evr\u00f3pu og As\u00edu og fleiri sl\u00edk skip eru \u00ed byggingu. Umfer\u00f0 skemmtifer\u00f0askipa hefur aukist miki\u00f0 um allan heim \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al um nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0. Stefnt er a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00edsbrj\u00f3ts-skemmtifer\u00f0askip sigli um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021. Flutningaskip flytja hr\u00e1efni fr\u00e1 n\u00e1mum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um, t.d. zink fr\u00e1 n\u00e1mum \u00ed Alaska og j\u00e1rngr\u00fdti fr\u00e1 Kanada. Me\u00f0 minnkandi \u00eds mun starfst\u00edmabil hafna \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um lengjast og starfsemi \u00fev\u00ed hugsanlega aukast \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Umfer\u00f0 fiskiskipa er einnig mikil.<\/p>\n Auknum siglingum um nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0ir fylgir aukin h\u00e6tta \u00e1 mengun fr\u00e1 skipum. Um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mengun sem stafar af venjulegum rekstri skipa (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 7<\/a>) og br\u00e1\u00f0amengun vegna slysa og \u00f3happa (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar \u00ed kafla 2.9<\/a>). Notkun svartol\u00edu sem skipaeldsneyti \u00ed siglingum \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um veldur s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum \u00e1hyggjum en svartol\u00eda er talsvert notu\u00f0 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum siglingum \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan er yfirleitt mun \u00f3d\u00fdrari en gasol\u00eda. Mj\u00f6g erfitt er a\u00f0 hreinsa upp svartol\u00edu ef ol\u00eduslys ver\u00f0ur nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um. Auk \u00feess inniheldur svartol\u00edan miki\u00f0 magn af brennisteini og \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0skotaefnum. \u00dev\u00ed veldur bruni svartol\u00edu mun meiri loftmengun (s.s. brennisteinsd\u00edox\u00ed\u00f0, \u00feungm\u00e1lmar og s\u00f3t) en bruni gasol\u00edu. S\u00f3ti\u00f0 sem myndast vi\u00f0 bruna er krabbameinsvaldandi og h\u00e6ttulegt heislu manna og n\u00e1tt\u00faru, auk \u00feess sem \u00fea\u00f0 sest \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 j\u00f6kla og \u00edss og getur \u00feannig fl\u00fdtt fyrir br\u00e1\u00f0nun og dregi\u00f0 \u00far endurkasti s\u00f3larlj\u00f3ssins.<\/p>\n \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 hl\u00fdnun sj\u00e1var og br\u00e1\u00f0nun \u00edss lei\u00f0i til aukins a\u00f0gengis a\u00f0 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu mun sj\u00f3farendum eftir sem \u00e1\u00f0ur stafa talsver\u00f0 h\u00e6tta af \u00eds, einkum borgar\u00edsj\u00f6kum, sem auk kulda, myrkurs og erfi\u00f0ra ve\u00f0urskilyr\u00f0a gera siglingar \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um s\u00e9rlega \u00e1h\u00e6ttusamar. Vegna \u00feessara erfi\u00f0u a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na eru auknar l\u00edkur \u00e1 slysum, auk \u00feess sem erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 slysum, m.a. vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 seinlegra er fyrir vi\u00f0brag\u00f0sa\u00f0ila a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 sta\u00f0inn og sinna bj\u00f6rgunar- og hreinsunarst\u00f6rfum. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi skiptir fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 bygg\u00f0 m\u00e1li, sem og skortur \u00e1 b\u00fana\u00f0i, s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ri \u00feekkingu bj\u00f6rgunara\u00f0ila, lei\u00f0s\u00f6gu\u00fej\u00f3nustu, \u00feekkingu \u00e1 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og innvi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n Vegna aukinnar \u00e1h\u00e6ttu fyrir sj\u00f3farendur og umhverfi hafs og stranda \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um hefur Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asiglingam\u00e1lastofnunin (IMO) m\u00f3ta\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakar \u00f6ryggis- og umhverfiskr\u00f6fur fyrir siglingar \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu og taka \u00fe\u00e6r mi\u00f0 af s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um (reglurnar gilda b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 nor\u00f0ur- og su\u00f0urskautinu). Reglurnar kallast P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn<\/em> og kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um s\u00e9rstakar kr\u00f6fur sem gilda um h\u00f6nnun skipa, b\u00fana\u00f0, rekstur, m\u00f6nnun og fleiri atri\u00f0i. Til a\u00f0 vernda vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt umhverfi nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0a hefur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn a\u00f0 geyma strangari kr\u00f6fur um losun ol\u00edu, sk\u00f3lps, \u00fargangs og annarra mengandi efna fr\u00e1 skipum sem sigla um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 en gilda annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n Sem d\u00e6mi um kr\u00f6fur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 hvers konar losun ol\u00edu \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 og skulu \u00f6ll ol\u00eduflutningaskip \u00fatb\u00fain tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldum byr\u00f0ingi. Notkun svartol\u00edu sem eldsneytis er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Su\u00f0urskautslandi\u00f0 og vi\u00f0 nor\u00f0urskauti\u00f0 eru skipa\u00fatger\u00f0ir hvattar til nota ekki svartol\u00edu. \u00datger\u00f0ir eru einnig hvattar til a\u00f0 nota umhverfisv\u00e6nar smurol\u00edur. \u00d6ll losun farmleifa er b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu og s\u00e9rstakar takmarkanir gilda um losun sk\u00f3lps og \u00fargangs. Eing\u00f6ngu m\u00e1 losa sk\u00f3lp sem hreinsa\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndri sk\u00f3lphreinsist\u00f6\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 losunin fari fram langt fr\u00e1 landi og langt fr\u00e1 \u00eds. Banna\u00f0 er a\u00f0 losa matar\u00fargang \u00e1 \u00eds. Einnig er banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 fleygja d\u00fdrahr\u00e6jum fyrir bor\u00f0. \u00deessar kr\u00f6fur eru \u00edtarlegri en samb\u00e6rilegar kr\u00f6fur MARPOL-samningsins (sj\u00e1 kafla 7<\/a>). Kr\u00f6fur eru ger\u00f0ar um s\u00e9r\u00fej\u00e1lfun \u00e1hafna sem sigla um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0, auk \u00feess sem skip \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0an vi\u00f0brag\u00f0s- og bj\u00f6rgunarb\u00fana\u00f0 um bor\u00f0 til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu sem skapast getur \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn var fl\u00e9tta\u00f0ur inn \u00ed bindandi reglur me\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi vi\u00f0aukum MARPOL-samningsins og SOLAS-samningsins, sem t\u00f3ku gildi fyrir r\u00edki sem ekki hreyf\u00f0u m\u00f3tm\u00e6lum, m.a. \u00cdsland, hinn 1. jan\u00faar 2017. Landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt gildissvi\u00f0 P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans n\u00e6r almennt til allra sv\u00e6\u00f0a nor\u00f0an 60. breiddargr\u00e1\u00f0u, me\u00f0 \u00feeirri undantekningu a\u00f0 hafsv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 kringum \u00cdsland er undanskili\u00f0. L\u00ednan er nor\u00f0an vi\u00f0 ystu m\u00f6rk efnahagsl\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00cdslands \u00ed nor\u00f0ri og hefur P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0inn \u00fev\u00ed ekki bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 siglingar innan \u00edslenskrar l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu. Kr\u00f6fur hans munu engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur hafa \u00fdmis \u00e1hrif h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, enda \u00feurfa \u00edslensk skip sem sigla inn \u00e1 \u00e1hrifasv\u00e6\u00f0i k\u00f3\u00f0ans a\u00f0 uppfylla kr\u00f6fur hans.<\/p>\n Mynd 9.15. Landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt gildissvi\u00f0 P\u00f3lk\u00f3\u00f0ans.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" A\u00f0gengi a\u00f0 Nor\u00f0urskautssv\u00e6\u00f0inu hefur aukist \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum vegna minnkandi haf\u00edss \u00ed kj\u00f6lfar hl\u00fdnunar \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um. Aukin umfer\u00f0 er um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 og \u00e1s\u00f3kn \u00ed au\u00f0lindir eins og ol\u00edu, gas, m\u00e1lma og fiskstofna fer vaxandi. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 st\u00f3ran hluta \u00f3n\u00fdttra Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2790,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-umhverfismal-nordursloda"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2772"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3577,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions\/3577"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a><\/span>Siglingar \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um<\/h5>\n
<\/a><\/a>