![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd2.16-RummalOliuIsjo.png\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.17. R\u00famm\u00e1l ol\u00edu og kvo\u00f0ulausnar sem er til sta\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1varyfirbor\u00f0 eftir ol\u00eduslys, gefi\u00f0 upp fyrir fj\u00f3ra flokka hr\u00e1ol\u00edu sem hlutfall af upprunalegu r\u00famm\u00e1li ol\u00edunnar eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem t\u00edmanum vindur fram. Myndin s\u00fdnir me\u00f0altalsheg\u00f0un hvers flokks. Heg\u00f0un tiltekinnar hr\u00e1ol\u00edu er h\u00e1\u00f0 eiginleikum hr\u00e1ol\u00edunnar og umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um vi\u00f0 slys og getur veri\u00f0 \u00f6nnur en me\u00f0altalsheg\u00f0un.<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00deegar \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 hreinsa upp ol\u00edu sem fari\u00f0 hefur \u00ed sj\u00f3 er um \u00ferj\u00e1r megina\u00f0fer\u00f0ir a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Fanga og endurheimta ol\u00eduna.<\/li>\n
- Kveikja \u00ed ol\u00edunni \u00e1 sta\u00f0num.<\/li>\n
- Nota felli- og dreifiefni.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>F\u00f6ngun og endurheimt<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
\u00deessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sn\u00fdst um a\u00f0 fanga ol\u00eduna, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 safna henni saman \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0inn sta\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0an sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 henni \u00far sj\u00f3num. S\u00f6fnun ol\u00edu me\u00f0 flotgir\u00f0ingum og upptaka me\u00f0 s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0um uppt\u00f6kub\u00fana\u00f0i (skimmerum) e\u00f0a \u00edsogsefnum er talin vera hentugasta a\u00f0fer\u00f0in til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduflekki og er \u00fev\u00ed yfirleitt s\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem fyrst er gripi\u00f0 til. \u00c1rangurinn af s\u00f6fnun ol\u00edu me\u00f0 flotgir\u00f0ingum er h\u00e1\u00f0ur eiginleikum ol\u00edunnar og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 slyssta\u00f0, s.s. straumum og vindi. Ve\u00f0ur og sj\u00f3lag \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera nokku\u00f0 gott til \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00fana\u00f0urinn virki vel. Jafnvel vi\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur n\u00e6st eing\u00f6ngu hluti ol\u00edunnar me\u00f0 \u00feessu m\u00f3ti. Flotgir\u00f0ingar eru einnig oft nota\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 verja mikilv\u00e6g sv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feannig a\u00f0 ol\u00eda komist ekki \u00feanga\u00f0.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd2.18-HreinsunOliuleka.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.18. Ol\u00edu safna\u00f0 me\u00f0 flotgir\u00f0ingu (til vinstri). Ol\u00eduuppt\u00f6kub\u00fana\u00f0ur, „skimmer“ (\u00ed mi\u00f0i\u00f0) og \u00edsogspulsa (til h\u00e6gri).<\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>\u00cdkveikja<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
Til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 brenna ol\u00edu \u00e1 sj\u00f3 \u00fearf h\u00fan a\u00f0 vera \u00ed talsver\u00f0u magni, a.m.k. 2-3 mm a\u00f0 \u00feykkt, \u00feannig a\u00f0 eldurinn vi\u00f0haldist \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir k\u00e6li\u00e1hrif vinds og sj\u00e1var. Ef \u00f6ldugangur er mikill vi\u00f0helst eldurinn ekki. \u00dear sem ol\u00eduflekkur brei\u00f0ist \u00fat \u00fearf oft a\u00f0 halda honum \u00ed skefjum t.d. me\u00f0 eld\u00feolnum flotgir\u00f0ingum. Tendra \u00fearf eldinn og er \u00fea\u00f0 gert \u00e1 \u00fdmsan h\u00e1tt, allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota tuskur sem v\u00e6ttar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00edsilol\u00edu til h\u00e1\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ra kyndla sem festir eru \u00ed \u00feyrlur (Helitorch). \u00dear sem eldfimasti hluti ol\u00edunnar gufar hratt upp er erfitt a\u00f0 kveikja \u00ed henni, auk \u00feess sem \u00fea\u00f0 er miki\u00f0 h\u00e6ttuspil. \u00deegar l\u00e9ttari hlutar ol\u00edunnar hafa brunni\u00f0 burt, l\u00e6kkar hitinn og eldurinn slokknar vegna k\u00e6li\u00e1hrifa vinds og sj\u00e1var. Eftir standa leifar me\u00f0 mikla seigju, sem erfitt getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 upp \u00far sj\u00f3num. \u00de\u00e6r geta auk \u00feess sokki\u00f0 og \u00feannig haft sl\u00e6m \u00e1hrif \u00e1 botnd\u00fdral\u00edf. Annar st\u00f3r galli vi\u00f0 \u00feessa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 er loftmengunin sem hl\u00fdst af bruna vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. Miki\u00f0 magn eitra\u00f0ra loftmengunarefna myndast, s\u00e9rstaklega s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/02.8-M2.18-OliaBrenndASjo-ThyrlaSlokkvaElda.jpg\")
<\/a>Myndir 2.19. Ol\u00eda brennd \u00e1 sj\u00f3 (til vinstri). \u00deyrla me\u00f0 \u00edkveikjub\u00fana\u00f0i (Helitorch) (h\u00e6gra megin).<\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>Felli- og dreifiefni<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
Felli- og dreifiefni hafa tvenns konar innihaldsefni, annars vegar yfirbor\u00f0svirk efni og hins vegar leysiefni. Yfirbor\u00f0svirku efnin hafa ol\u00edus\u00e6kinn hluta og vatnss\u00e6kinn hluta. Leysiefni\u00f0 flytur og dreifir yfirbor\u00f0svirku efnunum inn \u00ed ol\u00eduflekkinn og a\u00f0 m\u00f6rkum ol\u00edu og sj\u00e1var. \u00dear minnka \u00feau yfirbor\u00f0sspennu \u00feannig a\u00f0 litlir dropar leysast fr\u00e1 flekknum.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/02.8-M2.19-felliogdreifiefni-batur-flugvel.jpg\")
<\/a>Myndir 2.20. Felli- og dreifiefnum dreift yfir ol\u00eduflekk annars vegar \u00far b\u00e1t me\u00f0 dreifi\u00f6rmum (vinstra megin) og hins vegar \u00far flugv\u00e9l (h\u00e6gra megin).<\/p><\/div>\n
Felliefni sem dreift er yfir ol\u00eduflekki auka \u00feannig uppleysanleika ol\u00edunnar \u00ed vatni og gera \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 h\u00fan hr\u00e6rist \u00ed litla dropa. Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta getur n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt ni\u00f0urbrot ol\u00edunnar minnka\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00f6rverur komast ekki a\u00f0 ol\u00edunni inni \u00ed dropunum. Felli- og dreifiefni virka l\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekkert \u00e1 mj\u00f6g seiga ol\u00edu \u00fear sem \u00feau renna af ol\u00eduflekknum og \u00fat \u00ed sj\u00f3inn \u00e1\u00f0ur en leysiefnin geta smogi\u00f0 inn \u00ed flekkinn. Auk \u00feess henta \u00feau ekki \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a kvo\u00f0ulausn me\u00f0 mikla seigju n\u00e9 \u00e1 ol\u00edu me\u00f0 rennslismark n\u00e1l\u00e6gt umhverfishitastigi. Ol\u00edur, sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 nota felli- og dreifiefni \u00e1, ver\u00f0a \u00f3n\u00e6mar fyrir efnunum eftir \u00e1kve\u00f0inn t\u00edma (yfirleitt nokkra klukkut\u00edma e\u00f0a daga) \u00fear sem ve\u00f0run gerir ol\u00eduna seigari. Notkun felliefna getur dregi\u00f0 \u00far umhverfis\u00e1hrifum ol\u00eduslysa, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1hrifum \u00e1 strandl\u00edf og fugla. Hins vegar gera felliefnin \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 ol\u00edan sekkur, jafnvel alla lei\u00f0 til botns. \u00deannig geta langt\u00edma\u00e1hrif hennar jafnvel or\u00f0i\u00f0 meiri en ef h\u00fan f\u00e6r a\u00f0 brotna ni\u00f0ur og gufa upp af yfirbor\u00f0inu. Auk \u00feess hafa sum felliefni talsver\u00f0a eiturvirkni og geta jafnvel veri\u00f0 eitra\u00f0ri en ol\u00edan sem \u00feeim er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 hreinsa. Meta \u00fearf gaumg\u00e6filega \u00ed hverju tilfelli hvort beita eigi felliefnum.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mynd2.20-VirkniFellOgDreifiefna.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.21. Virkni felli- og dreifiefna: a) Efnunum er \u00fa\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 ol\u00eduflekks, b) yfirbor\u00f0svirku efnin smj\u00faga a\u00f0 m\u00f6rkum sj\u00e1var og ol\u00edu og minnka yfirbor\u00f0sspennu \u00feannig a\u00f0 litlir dropar brotna fr\u00e1 flekknum og c) dreifast vegna i\u00f0ustrauma og eru jafnvel brotnir ni\u00f0ur af \u00f6rverum. Sum felli- og dreifiefni hindra \u00fe\u00f3 virkni \u00f6rvera.<\/p><\/div>\n
2.9.2 Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um<\/h5>\n
N\u00fa \u00feegar \u00edsinn \u00e1 Nor\u00f0urskautinu fer minnkandi opnast siglingalei\u00f0ir um sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 og um lei\u00f0 aukast m\u00f6guleikar \u00e1 ol\u00eduvinnslu \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. En hva\u00f0 gerist ef ol\u00eduslys ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um? Vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0 \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um er f\u00e1breyttara og vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mara en \u00e1 su\u00f0l\u00e6gari sl\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
Ol\u00eda heg\u00f0ar s\u00e9r \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi vi\u00f0 \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en \u00ed hl\u00fdrri sj\u00f3. Mikill kuldi dregur \u00far hra\u00f0a n\u00e1tt\u00farulegra ve\u00f0runarferla, s\u00e9rstaklega uppgufun og l\u00edfni\u00f0urbroti. Seigja ol\u00edunnar vex me\u00f0 kulda og ol\u00edan ver\u00f0ur \u00fer\u00e1virkari. Ol\u00eda getur lokast undir landf\u00f6stum \u00eds og \u00fe\u00e1 getur veri\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 finna hana og n\u00e1 henni upp. Haf\u00eds dregur \u00far \u00f6ldugangi og \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur n\u00e1tt\u00farleg dreifing og myndun kvo\u00f0ulausnar minni \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem haf\u00eds er a\u00f0 finna. T\u00edminn til a\u00f0 nota felli- og leysiefni annars vegar og \u00edkveikju hins vegar er \u00fev\u00ed meiri en ella. \u00c1vinningurinn er \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edtill sem enginn \u00fear sem felli- og leysiefni virka verr \u00ed kulda \u00fear sem ol\u00edan er seigari og \u00edkveikja hefur mikla \u00f3kosti \u00e1 \u00feessum sl\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/02.8-M2.21-OliuslysVidbrogd.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.22. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysum \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p><\/div>\n
Allar \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem nota\u00f0ar eru til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 ol\u00edumengun virka verr \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um en annars sta\u00f0ar. Erfitt er a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 me\u00f0 flotgir\u00f0ingar innan um \u00eds og mikill kuldi getur dregi\u00f0 \u00far virkni ol\u00eduuppt\u00f6kub\u00fana\u00f0ar. S\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ur kulda\u00feolinn b\u00fana\u00f0ur hefur \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00feessu skyni, en \u00f3l\u00edklegt er a\u00f0 b\u00fana\u00f0urinn virki vel \u00fear sem \u00eds\u00feekjan er 30% e\u00f0a meiri. Eins hafa s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0 felli- og leysiefni veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0 fyrir k\u00f6ld sv\u00e6\u00f0i, en \u00feau koma a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 gagni ef h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 koma \u00feeim \u00ed snertingu vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduna. \u00dea\u00f0 getur hins vegar veri\u00f0 vandkv\u00e6\u00f0um h\u00e1\u00f0 ef ol\u00eda er f\u00f6st innan um \u00eds. Auk \u00feess geta \u00feessi kem\u00edsku efni haft \u00f3\u00e6skileg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mt l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0. \u00cdkveikja \u00e1 nor\u00f0l\u00e6gum sl\u00f3\u00f0um er vandas\u00f6m og kuldinn gerir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda eldinum. \u00deegar l\u00e9ttari ol\u00edurnar brenna myndast annars vegar tj\u00f6rukennd efni sem s\u00f6kkva og hafa b\u00e6\u00f0i k\u00e6fandi og eitrandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0 og hins vegar myndast miki\u00f0 magn loftmengunarefna. S\u00f3ti\u00f0 er s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1hyggjuefni. \u00dea\u00f0 er krabbameinsvaldandi og h\u00e6ttulegt heilsu manna og n\u00e1tt\u00faru \u2013 og getur jafnframt sest \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0 j\u00f6kla og fl\u00fdtt br\u00e1\u00f0nun \u00feeirra og dregi\u00f0 \u00far endurkasti.<\/p>\n
Til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar vi\u00f0 vandkv\u00e6\u00f0in sem nefnd hafa veri\u00f0 er vi\u00f0brag\u00f0st\u00edminn oft langur \u00fear sem um afskekkt sv\u00e6\u00f0i er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og erfi\u00f0ara er en ella a\u00f0 koma bj\u00f6rgunarb\u00fana\u00f0i \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f3ve\u00f0ur eru tilt\u00f6lulega t\u00ed\u00f0 og haf\u00eds getur tafi\u00f0 f\u00f6r bj\u00f6rgunarskipa. A\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur til bj\u00f6rgunara\u00f0ger\u00f0a geta auk \u00feess veri\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ar vegna myrkurs og kulda. Sums sta\u00f0ar geta jafnvel h\u00e6ttuleg r\u00e1nd\u00fdr, s.s. \u00edsbirnir, sett strik \u00ed reikninginn.<\/p>\n
2.9.3 \u00derj\u00fa slys: Torrey Canyon (1967), Exxon Valdez (1989), Deep Water Horizon (2010)<\/h5>\n
H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur \u00feremur afdrifar\u00edkum ol\u00eduslysum l\u00fdst en af slysum sem \u00feessum m\u00e1 draga mikinn l\u00e6rd\u00f3m.<\/h6>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>Torrey Canyon<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
Ol\u00eduflutningaskipi\u00f0 Torrey Canyon var me\u00f0 st\u00e6rstu ol\u00eduskipum heims \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. \u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ustu fer\u00f0 sinni \u00ed mars 1967 lag\u00f0i skipi\u00f0 upp fr\u00e1 K\u00faveit og stefndi \u00e1 Milford Haven \u00ed Wales, me\u00f0 um 120.000 tonn af hr\u00e1ol\u00edu. Vegna st\u00e6r\u00f0ar sinnar gat skipi\u00f0 a\u00f0eins siglt inn \u00ed h\u00f6fnina \u00e1 st\u00f3rstraumsfl\u00f3\u00f0i. Skipinu var siglt \u00e1 fullri fer\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfst\u00fdringu, en \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e1lga\u00f0ist Scilly-eyjar undan su\u00f0vesturhorni Englands, var\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 skipi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i bori\u00f0 af lei\u00f0 vegna vinda og stefndi beint \u00e1 eyjarnar. Skipstj\u00f3rinn t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 sigla \u00e1 milli Scilly-eyja og Sj\u00f6steinarifs, frekar en a\u00f0 fara lengri lei\u00f0inni framhj\u00e1 eyjunum til vesturs. \u00deessa \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un t\u00f3k hann v\u00e6ntanlega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 lengri lei\u00f0in hef\u00f0i b\u00e6tt nokkrum klukkustundum vi\u00f0 siglingart\u00edmann og skipi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed misst af st\u00f3rstraumsfl\u00f3\u00f0i. \u00dear me\u00f0 hef\u00f0i skipi\u00f0 \u00feurft a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00fati \u00e1 sj\u00f3 \u00ed 6 daga. Skipstj\u00f3rinn skipti \u00fev\u00ed \u00far sj\u00e1lfst\u00fdringu og f\u00e6r\u00f0i st\u00fdri\u00f0. \u00cd lei\u00f0inni rakst hann \u00f3vart \u00ed handfang sem \u00fdtti skipinu aftur \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfst\u00fdringu og \u00feegar skipverjar uppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0u mist\u00f6kin var \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 of seint. Skipi\u00f0 stranda\u00f0i \u00e1 Sj\u00f6steinarifi og sat \u00fear fast.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/02.8-M2.22-TorreyCanion-1024x256.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.23. Myndir af sta\u00f0num \u00fear sem Torrey Canyon stranda\u00f0i, af \u00e1hrifasv\u00e6\u00f0i ol\u00edulekans og af a\u00f0ger\u00f0um \u00e1 sta\u00f0num.<\/p><\/div>\n
Flotgir\u00f0ingar voru settar \u00fat til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 ol\u00edan sem lak \u00far skipinu b\u00e6rist a\u00f0 landi, en \u00fe\u00e6r virku\u00f0u ekki. \u00de\u00e1 var reynt a\u00f0 sprengja skipi\u00f0 upp og brenna ol\u00eduna \u00fati \u00e1 sj\u00f3, en \u00fea\u00f0 dug\u00f0i ekki heldur til. Gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt magn, meira en 8 millj\u00f3n l\u00edtrar, af felli- og leysiefninu BP1002 var nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 dreifa ol\u00edunni, en seinna kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 efnin reyndust enn eitra\u00f0ri fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0 en ol\u00edan sem \u00feau \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 vinna \u00e1.<\/p>\n
Slysi\u00f0 olli gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegum ska\u00f0a fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki sj\u00e1var og l\u00edfsvi\u00f0urv\u00e6ri \u00edb\u00faa \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. St\u00e6rstum hluta ol\u00eduflekksins skola\u00f0i \u00e1 land \u00ed Brittany \u00ed Nor\u00f0ur-Frakklandi, sem hlaut fyrir viki\u00f0 vi\u00f0urnefni\u00f0 M<\/em>ar\u00e9e noire,<\/em> e\u00f0a svarta fjaran. Yfir 15.000 sj\u00f3fuglar dr\u00e1pust og sumar tegundir n\u00e1\u00f0u s\u00e9r ekki fyrr en eftir nokkra \u00e1ratugi. Dau\u00f0i fugla og sj\u00e1varspend\u00fdra fyrstu dagana var a\u00f0eins l\u00edtill hluti af heildar\u00e1hrifunum. \u00c1hrifanna g\u00e6tti \u00ed m\u00f6rg \u00e1r, \u00e1 allt fr\u00e1 svifi og botnl\u00edfverum ne\u00f0st \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0uke\u00f0junni, til skelja, fiska, fugla og spend\u00fdra. Auk \u00feess voru \u00e1hrifin \u00e1 fer\u00f0amannasta\u00f0i mikil.<\/p>\n
\u00d3happi\u00f0 olli miklu fj\u00e1rhagslegu tj\u00f3ni fyrir einstaklinga og r\u00edki, sem \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r h\u00f6f\u00f0u engin tengsl vi\u00f0 skipi\u00f0. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 voru sam\u00feykktir \u00fer\u00edr tengdir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningar sem fjalla um r\u00e9tt strandr\u00edkja til inngrips ef str\u00f6ndum \u00feeirra er \u00f3gna\u00f0, um \u00e1byrg\u00f0 skipsstj\u00f3rnarmanna og \u00fatger\u00f0a og um b\u00f3tasj\u00f3\u00f0 fyrir f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mb ol\u00edumengunar\u00f3happa (sj\u00e1 kafla 8<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>Exxon Valdez<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
Ol\u00eduskipi\u00f0 Exxon Valdez stranda\u00f0i \u00e1 skeri \u00ed Prins-Williams-sundi vi\u00f0 strendur Alaska 24. mars 1989. Skipi\u00f0 var a\u00f0 flytja hr\u00e1ol\u00edu fr\u00e1 Alaskalei\u00f0slunni, sem flytur hr\u00e1ol\u00edu fr\u00e1 Nor\u00f0ur-Alaska til hafnarinnar \u00ed Valdez, \u00ed ol\u00eduhreinsist\u00f6\u00f0. \u00deegar bygging lei\u00f0slunnar var sam\u00feykkt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1973 lofu\u00f0u b\u00e6\u00f0i bandar\u00edska r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin og \u00feau fyrirt\u00e6ki sem \u00ed hlut \u00e1ttu a\u00f0 setja \u00f6ryggism\u00e1lin \u00e1 oddinn. \u00d6ll skip skyldu \u00fatb\u00fain me\u00f0 tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldum byr\u00f0ingi<\/span> og allur nau\u00f0synlegur \u00f6ryggisb\u00fana\u00f0ur og vi\u00f0brag\u00f0steymi skyldu vera \u00e1 sta\u00f0num. \u00deegar til kom st\u00f3\u00f0ust \u00feessi lofor\u00f0 ekki. \u00dear sem Valdez er mj\u00f6g nor\u00f0arlega er oft \u00eds \u00ed innsiglingunni. Skipunum bar a\u00f0 sigla \u00e1kve\u00f0na lei\u00f0 og ef miki\u00f0 var um \u00eds \u00e1ttu \u00feau a\u00f0 h\u00e6gja \u00e1 s\u00e9r. Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum fengu skip leyfi til a\u00f0 fara \u00fat fyrir siglingalei\u00f0ina til a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast \u00eds. Enginn \u00ed strandg\u00e6slunni fylgdist me\u00f0 ol\u00eduskipi Exxon, sem f\u00f3r \u00fat fyrir siglingalei\u00f0ina til a\u00f0 spara t\u00edma, en lenti \u00e1 rifi.<\/p>\n
T\u00e6plega 34 \u00fe\u00fasund tonn af hr\u00e1ol\u00edu l\u00e1ku \u00ed sj\u00f3inn og ollu dau\u00f0a mikils fj\u00f6lda sj\u00e1varspend\u00fdra, fugla og annarra l\u00edfvera \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00e1 fyrstu d\u00f6gunum hafi um 2.800 otrar, 300 selir, 22 h\u00e1hyrningar, 900 ernir og um 250.000 sj\u00f3fuglar drepist. Auk \u00feess drapst miki\u00f0 af fiski, s\u00e9r \u00ed lagi lax og s\u00edld. Erfi\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 meta \u00e1hrif \u00e1 sm\u00e1d\u00fdr, krabbad\u00fdr og \u00f6nnur sj\u00e1vard\u00fdr, \u00fear sem \u00feau \u00e1hrif eru ekki eins s\u00fdnileg. \u00c1hrifin eru langvinn, \u00fear sem erfitt e\u00f0a \u00f3gerlegt er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 upp allri ol\u00edunni eftir slys af \u00feessari st\u00e6r\u00f0argr\u00e1\u00f0u. Spend\u00fdr og fuglar eiga au\u00f0veldara me\u00f0 a\u00f0 fl\u00fdja mengun en sm\u00e6rri l\u00edfverur. Langvinnu \u00e1hrifin leggjast \u00fev\u00ed enn \u00feyngra \u00e1 hin \u00fdmsu sm\u00e1d\u00fdr.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ll vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Exxon-Valdez-slysinu voru h\u00e6g og \u00f3skilvirk. B\u00fana\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 var anna\u00f0 hvort ekki \u00e1 sta\u00f0num e\u00f0a undir snj\u00f3, \u00feannig a\u00f0 flj\u00faga \u00feurfti me\u00f0 b\u00fana\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar fr\u00e1. Flekkurinn haf\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed dreifst yfir st\u00f3rt sv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feegar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir loks h\u00f3fust. Til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta gr\u00e1u ofan \u00e1 svart skall \u00e1 miki\u00f0 \u00f3ve\u00f0ur 2 d\u00f6gum eftir slysi\u00f0 og dreif\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 ol\u00edunni enn frekar og bar hana a\u00f0 landi, jafnvel \u00ed talsver\u00f0ri h\u00e6\u00f0 yfir sj\u00e1varm\u00e1li. \u00deegar myndir af lekanum birtust \u00ed sj\u00f3nvarpsfr\u00e9ttum nota\u00f0i Exxon felliefni\u00f0 Corexit, en \u00fea\u00f0 reyndist eitra\u00f0ra fyrir l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0 en ol\u00edan sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 hreinsa. \u00c1 endanum t\u00f3kst einungis a\u00f0 hreinsa um 10-15% af \u00feeirri ol\u00edu sem lenti \u00ed sj\u00f3num. Reynt var a\u00f0 hreinsa str\u00f6ndina me\u00f0 heitu vatni undir \u00fer\u00fdstingi, en \u00fea\u00f0 skila\u00f0i litlum \u00e1rangri, auk \u00feess sem l\u00edfr\u00edki\u00f0 \u00feoldi \u00fea\u00f0 ekki.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/02.8-M2.23-ExxonValdez-og-mengun.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.24. \u00c1 slyssta\u00f0 Exxon Valdez. Mikill vindur bar hr\u00e1ol\u00eduna a\u00f0 landi (vinstra megin) og \u00feykkri hr\u00e1ol\u00edu skola\u00f0i \u00e1 steinv\u00f6lustr\u00f6nd (h\u00e6gra megin).<\/p><\/div>\n
Exxon-Valdez-slysi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i gr\u00ed\u00f0arleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 efnahag \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu, en tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rhagslegt tj\u00f3n \u00edb\u00faa vi\u00f0 strendur Su\u00f0ur-Alaska hafi numi\u00f0 um 300 millj\u00f3num dollara. \u00de\u00e1 er fj\u00e1rhagslegt tj\u00f3n vegna hruns fiskistofna tali\u00f0 nema um 31 millj\u00f3n dollara og tekjutap \u00ed fer\u00f0a\u00fej\u00f3nustu var \u00e1\u00e6tla\u00f0 um 5,5 millj\u00f3nir dollara \u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1runum eftir slysi\u00f0. Fj\u00e1rhagslegt tj\u00f3n var\u00f0 enn meira en ella vegna \u00feess hversu n\u00e1l\u00e6gt landi slysi\u00f0 var\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00c1ri\u00f0 2014 gaf bandar\u00edska haf- og ve\u00f0urfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnunin, NOAA, \u00fat sk\u00fdrslu um st\u00f6\u00f0u sv\u00e6\u00f0isins 25 \u00e1rum eftir slysi\u00f0. \u00dear kom fram a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lmargir d\u00fdrastofnar hef\u00f0u n\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0 jafna sig og v\u00e6ru or\u00f0nir jafn\u00fatbreiddir og fyrir slys. Hins vegar v\u00e6ru a\u00f0rir stofnar enn \u00ed br\u00e1\u00f0ri h\u00e6ttu og tali\u00f0 l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 h\u00e1hyrningahjar\u00f0ir myndu deyja \u00fat. Ennfremur kom fram a\u00f0 enn m\u00e6tti finna eitra\u00f0ar ol\u00eduleifar vi\u00f0 strendur Alaska.<\/p>\n
\u00cd kj\u00f6lfar slyssins setti Bandar\u00edkja\u00feing l\u00f6g (Oil Pollution Act 1990<\/em>) sem fyrirskipu\u00f0u auki\u00f0 eftirlit me\u00f0 ol\u00eduflutningaskipum vi\u00f0 strendur Bandar\u00edkjanna auk \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrirskipa, \u00ed skrefum, tv\u00f6faldan byr\u00f0ing \u00e1 \u00f6llum ol\u00eduskipum. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i laganna var\u00f0andi tv\u00f6faldan byr\u00f0ing voru ekki innleidd a\u00f0 fullu fyrr en \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015, 26 \u00e1rum eftir slysi\u00f0. Efnahagslegar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir Alaskafylki voru fj\u00f6lmargar. \u00ddmis fyrirt\u00e6ki l\u00f6g\u00f0ust af vegna lekans. Slysi\u00f0 olli einnig miklu tj\u00f3ni \u00e1 fiskimi\u00f0um og \u00ed fer\u00f0amannageiranum, og haf\u00f0i auk \u00feess \u00e1hrif \u00e1 afkomu, \u00ed\u00fer\u00f3ttir og t\u00f3mstundir \u00edb\u00faa.<\/p>\n
<\/span><\/strong><\/em>Deep Water Horizon<\/strong><\/em><\/h6>\n
\u00c1ratugina fyrir ol\u00eduslysi\u00f0 \u00ed Mex\u00edk\u00f3fl\u00f3a \u00e1ri\u00f0 2010 haf\u00f0i ol\u00edui\u00f0na\u00f0urinn veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 fikra sig fj\u00e6r landi, \u00ed \u00e1ttina a\u00f0 d\u00fdpri ol\u00edulindum undir meiri \u00fer\u00fdstingi og \u00fear me\u00f0 meiri \u00e1h\u00e6ttu vi\u00f0 vinnslu. Bort\u00e6knin og regluverki\u00f0 um starfsemina, sem voru h\u00f6nnu\u00f0 fyrir ol\u00eduvinnslu \u00e1 grunns\u00e6vi, voru uppf\u00e6r\u00f0 en ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 vaxandi \u00e1h\u00e6ttu.\u00a0R\u00f6\u00f0 mistaka leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 sprenging var\u00f0 \u00e1 ol\u00eduborpalli BP \u00ed Mex\u00edk\u00f3fl\u00f3a 20. apr\u00edl 2010. Rangar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir voru teknar af starfsm\u00f6nnum ol\u00eduf\u00e9lagsins BP sem leig\u00f0i pallinn af Transocean, starfsmenn Transocean \u00e1 borpallinum \u00e1kv\u00e1\u00f0u a\u00f0 halda borun \u00e1fram \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdstipr\u00f3fanir g\u00e6fu til kynna a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri allt me\u00f0 felldu og yfirv\u00f6ld h\u00f6f\u00f0u sam\u00feykkt allar \u00e1\u00e6tlanir fyrirt\u00e6kjanna var\u00f0andi vinnsluna. \u00deegar \u00fer\u00fdstingurinn j\u00f3kst bila\u00f0i b\u00fana\u00f0urinn sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir \u00fer\u00fdstisprengingu. Vi\u00f0 sprenginguna sem var\u00f0 \u00e1 borpallinum d\u00f3u 11 starfsmenn og 17 sl\u00f6su\u00f0ust. Borpallurinn st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3sum logum \u00ed 2 daga, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir sl\u00f6kkvistarf, og s\u00ed\u00f0an s\u00f6kk hann.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/wp-content\/uploads\/mynd2.24-slokkvistarfBP.jpg\")
<\/a>Mynd 2.25. Vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ol\u00eduslysinu \u00ed Mex\u00edk\u00f3fl\u00f3a. Sl\u00f6kkvistarf \u00e1\u00f0ur en borpallurinn s\u00f6kk (til vinstri), st\u00fdr\u00f0ur bruni \u00e1 ol\u00edu sem safna\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 \u00ed eld\u00fe\u00e9tta flotgir\u00f0ingu (fyrir mi\u00f0ju) og felliefnum dreift \u00far lofti yfir ol\u00eduflekk (til h\u00e6gri).<\/p><\/div>\n
\u00deegar ol\u00eduborpallurinn s\u00f6kk losnu\u00f0u lei\u00f0slur fr\u00e1 borholunni og ol\u00eda streymdi stj\u00f3rnlaust fr\u00e1 sj\u00e1varbotni \u00ed 87 daga. Erfi\u00f0lega gekk a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va ol\u00edustrauminn, enda erfitt a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 og athafna sig vi\u00f0 borholur \u00e1 sj\u00e1varbotni. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 alls hafi um 500.000-700.000 tonn af ol\u00edu streymt \u00ed sj\u00f3inn. Ol\u00edan lag\u00f0ist \u00e1 um 1500 km af strandlengjunni \u00ed Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Alabama og Fl\u00f3r\u00edda. Fr\u00e1 \u00feessu sv\u00e6\u00f0i koma um 80% af ostrum og 70% af r\u00e6kju sem veidd er \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00e1hrifin \u00e1 sj\u00e1var\u00fatveginn voru mikil.<\/p>\n
Umfang hreinsia\u00f0ger\u00f0a var gr\u00ed\u00f0arlegt, en alls t\u00f3ku um 50.000 manns \u00fe\u00e1tt. Reynt var a\u00f0 brenna ol\u00eduna \u00e1 sta\u00f0num og safna henni me\u00f0 flotgir\u00f0ingum og flytja burt. Tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins hafi tekist a\u00f0 fjarl\u00e6gja um 25% ol\u00edunnar me\u00f0 \u00feessum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um. Einnig voru nota\u00f0ir 700 millj\u00f3nir l\u00edtra af felli- og leysiefninu Corexit, en efni\u00f0 er margfalt eitra\u00f0ra en ol\u00edan sem hreinsa \u00e1tti upp. Ol\u00eduf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 BP var har\u00f0lega gagnr\u00fdnt fyrir mikla notkun efnisins og fyrir a\u00f0 gera meira til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir sj\u00f3nmengun en a\u00f0 takast raunverulega \u00e1 vi\u00f0 mengunina \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0inu. Hluti ol\u00edunnar hefur gufa\u00f0 upp og brotna\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00farulegan h\u00e1tt me\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0 og t\u00edma, en lj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 st\u00f3ran hluta er enn a\u00f0 finna \u00ed umhverfinu.<\/p>\n
M\u00e1nu\u00f0ina eftir slysi\u00f0 skola\u00f0i \u00fe\u00fasundum dau\u00f0ra d\u00fdra (fugla, skjaldbakna, h\u00f6frunga o.fl.) \u00e1 land og einnig fundust vansk\u00f6pu\u00f0 d\u00fdr, svo sem augnlausar r\u00e6kjur, krabbar \u00e1n kl\u00f3a og fiskar me\u00f0 \u00e6xli. Fimm \u00e1rum eftir slysi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i dregi\u00f0 \u00far r\u00e6kjuvei\u00f0um bori\u00f0 saman vi\u00f0 langt\u00edmame\u00f0altal og ostrurnar voru minni en \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00c1hrifa slyssins \u00e1 heilsu f\u00f3lks, efnahag og samf\u00e9lag g\u00e6tir enn \u00ed dag.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Vi\u00f0 heyrum nokku\u00f0 reglulega fr\u00e9ttir af ol\u00eduslysum, st\u00f3rum sem sm\u00e1um. St\u00f3r ol\u00eduslys eru \u00f3gnvekjandi og geta valdi\u00f0 miklu tj\u00f3ni. St\u00e6rsta ol\u00eduslys hinga\u00f0 til var slysi\u00f0 \u00ed Mex\u00edk\u00f3fl\u00f3a \u00e1ri\u00f0 2010 \u00feegar sprenging var\u00f0 \u00e1 borpalli BP og ol\u00eda rann stj\u00f3rnlaust \u00ed Lesa meira…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1750,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2-oliaogoliumengun"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=281"}],"version-history":[{"count":64,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/281\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4020,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/281\/revisions\/4020"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1750"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/himinnoghaf.is\/mengunsjavar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}